National codes

Flammability. Plastic foams are organic ia aature and, therefore, are combustible. They vary ia their respoase to small sources of ignitioa because of composition and/or additives (255). AH plastic foams should be handled, transported, and used according to manufacturers recommendations as weU as appHcable local and national codes and regulations. 

Gas storage cabinet use may be required by local, state, or national codes. These codes vary by location and the designer or user of the cabinet is referred to these codes for further information. One source of building code information in the U.S. is the Uniform Building Code and the Uniform Fire Code. ... 

Chemical plants also consist of process buildings, storage and warehouse buildings, control houses, laboratories, and general offices. Depending on tlie nature of activity and tlie quality of the contents, tlie structural requirements and protection features will vary. Building standards are defined by the National Code of the American Insurance Association. 

Where national codes are not available, the British, European or American codes would be used. 

The national codes and standards dictate the minimum requirements, and give general guidance for design and construction any extension beyond the minimum code requirement will be determined by agreement between the manufacturer and customer. 

The codes and standards are drawn up by committees of engineers experienced in vessel design and manufacturing techniques, and are a blend of theory, experiment and experience. They are periodically reviewed, and revisions issued to keep abreast of developments in design, stress analysis, fabrication and testing. The latest version of the appropriate national code or standard should always be consulted before undertaking the design of any pressure vessel. 

Design procedures and work sheets for non-standard flanges are given in the national codes and standards. 

Establish by a consensus of the national codes and standards development organizations such as the CDO or SDO that will have the lead in the development of codes and standards for establishing safety requirements for specific components, subsystems, and systems (as shown in the templates) and the organizations that will work collaboratively with (or in support of) the lead organization. 

Three key issues for codes and standards include better synchronization of codes and standards development with RD D, performance- versus design-based (or prescriptive) standards, and coordinating national codes and standards development with international standards development. For all the three issues, the critical need is to establish a scientific foundation for requirements incorporated in codes and standards. If the science underlying these requirements can be established, harmonization of requirements and consensus among international experts can be more readily achieved, and the DOE can focus on the critical RD D needs as identified in the Roadmap to facilitate harmonization and consensus. 

Static properties arc readily available from a variety of sources and are well defined by national codes and standards organizations. Specifications referenced in the codes define minimum mechanical properties for various grades of material. In... 

Based solely on the national code requirements, a generalized work area for CNG vehicles can be developed, as shown in Figure 5-2. 

Fig. 5-2 General Electrical Requirements for CNG Repair Areas Based on Modification of National Codes. (Source Ref. 15.7])...

The shaded areas in Figure 5-2 are based cm the properties of natural gas, a review of the current garage-related national codes, and other studies of gas releases in repair facilities. The codes where these recommendations appear include ... 

Since the economy has become global, most major manufacturers must comply with both the U.S. and European codes, but it is important to know that ASME and CE are both mandated by law, whereas API and EN(ISO) are recommendations. We will expand on both in Chapter 5. Some nations outside the United States and Europe still have their own national codes (GOST -Russia, JIS - Japan, SQL - China, UDT - Poland, etc.), but most basic practices are rather similar. 

There are national codes of practice for the preparation of MSDSs. The current trend is to use an internationally recognized 16-point standard. This is a comprehensive document referring to how and where to obtain the information as well as including approved terms and forms of wording that must be avoided, for example, the use of N/A, which could mean either "not applicable" or "not available." Such terms should be written out in full. An outline of the international standard is included at the end of this chapter. 

Good design practices to ensure that the mechanical design of the equipment is suited to normal operation, startup, shutdown, and emergency conditions (for example, ensuring that vessel wall thickness, design temperature and pressure, corrosion allowance, etc., adhere to industry or national codes and standards) ... 

Regulated areas in the construction of a pressure vessel are (details depend upon the national code) design and calculation, permissible materials, quality control of materials, quality control of the fabrication processes (particularly welding), safety devices and -last but not least- full certification and documentation. 

The steels used for this pressure range are beyond the scope of the national codes and have been approved by an individual testing and certification procedure. 

If anything, the equal area method tends to over-estimate the compensation required and in some instances the additional material can reduce the fatigue life of the vessel. More sophisticated methods for determining the compensation required have been introduced into the latest editions of the codes and standards. A critical discussion of the methods that are used in the various national codes and standards for calculating the compensation for openings and branches is given in the British Standards Institute publication PD 6437 (1969) and PD 6550 (1989). 

Where the vessel wall will be at a significantly higher temperature than the skirt, discontinuity stresses will be set up due to differences in thermal expansion. The British Standard BS 5500 requires that account should be taken of the thermal discontinuity stresses at the vessel to skirt junction where the product of the skirt diameter (mm), the skirt thickness (mm), and the temperature above ambient at the top of the skirt exceeds 1.6 X 10 (mm °C). Similar criteria are given in the other national codes and standards. Methods for calculating the thermal stresses in skirt supports are given by Weil and Murphy (1960) and Bergman (1963). 

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