Universality principle

Only in the limit Ixj/Gi 1 does one expect Ising-like critical behavior in Eq (7) due to the universality principle of critical phenomena, "... 

The emerging new sciences of complexity and complex adaptive systems explore the important question of whether (and/or to what extent) does the behavior of the many seemingly disparate complex systems found in nature-from the very small to the very large-stem from the same fundamental core set of universal principles. 

It can be seen that these definitions are derived from experimental observation and are no more than classifications based on a set of properties shared by a group of substances. They are scientifically inadequate for the interpretation of results, which requires a definition based on concepts. Historically, the attempt to provide a model rather than a classification comes in the form of a search for imderlying universal principles. It seems that the alchemists recognized vague principles of acidity and alkalinity, and in the 17th century the iatrochemists made these the basis of chemical medicine. Disease was attributed to a predominance of one or other of these principles (Pattison Muir, 1883). 

There is a composite agent, a natural and divine agent, at once corporeal and spiritual, a universal plastic mediator, a common receptacle for vibrations of movement and images of form, a fluid and a force which may be called, in a sense at least, the imagination of Nature. By the mediation of this force [cette puissance] every apparatus is in secret communication together.... The universal principle of life is a substantial movement, or a substance which is eternally and essentially moved and mover, invisible and impalpable, in a volatile state and manifesting materially when it becomes fixed by the phenomena of polarization.. .. Its manifestations in the world of form are subject to eternal mutations by the perpetuity of movement [etc.]. ... 

The idea that a universal principle should be able to provide the a priori probability in each case and thereby establish the link between the mathematical probability and the actual world, lost ground during the nineteenth century. An important argument was that in the case of a continuous state space the prescription is not even well-defined since it depends on the choice of variable. A uniform distribution in velocity space is not the same as a uniform distribution in the energy scale. This difficulty has been beautifully demonstrated by Bertrand ). Take a fixed circle of... 

However, Waite s approach has several shortcomings (first discussed by Kotomin and Kuzovkov [14, 15]). First of all, it contradicts a universal principle of statistical description itself the particle distribution functions (in particular, many-particle densities) have to be defined independently of the kinetic process, but it is only the physical process which determines the actual form of kinetic equations which are aimed to describe the system s time development. This means that when considering the diffusion-controlled particle recombination (there is no source), the actual mechanism of how particles were created - whether or not correlated in geminate pairs - is not important these are concentrations and joint densities which uniquely determine the decay kinetics. Moreover, even the knowledge of the coordinates of all the particles involved in the reaction (which permits us to find an infinite hierarchy of correlation functions = 2,...,oo, and thus is... 

In deriving this equation, we have again used a universal principle (that A must be accounted for), a constitutive relation (the kinetics of the reaction), and an operating mode (constant volume). These three elements will be found in the setting up of any model. The differential equation for c has an initial value c(0) = Co, and the equations are so elementary that the solution could be almost written down at sight. But this will seldom be the case, and it will pay to work the equations into the most transparent form possible. 

Mathematically expressed, NT = Pf, where NT is the number of particulate transfer units achieved and PT is the total energy expended within the collection device, including gas and liquid pressure drop and thermal and mechanical energy added in atomizers. NT is further defined as NT = In [1/(1 -1 )], where Tj is the overall fractional collection efficiency. This was intended as a universal principle, but the constants and y have been found to be functions of the chemical nature of the system and the design of the control device. Others have pointed out that the principle is applicable only when the primary collection mechanism is impaction and direct interception. Calvert (R-10, R-12) has found that plotting particle cut size versus pressure drop (or power expended) as in Fig. 14-129 is a more suitable way to develop a generalized energy-requirement curve for impaction... 

For the establishment of the realistic limit, one has to take account of the rates of processes in which mass, heat, momentum, and chemical energy are transferred. In this so-called finite-time, finite-size thermodynamics, it is usually possible to establish optimal conditions for operating the process, namely, with a minimum, but nonzero, entropy generation and loss of work. Such optima seem to be characterized by a universal principle equiparti-tioning of the process s driving forces in time and space. The optima may eventually be shifted by including economic and environmental parameters such as fixed and variable costs and emissions. For this aspect, we refer to Chapter 13. 

The abuses of both religious systems grow out of the fact that all mankind has misinterpreted the real meaning of the symbol of the Virgin. IT HAS NO REFERENCE, AND NEVER DID HAVE, TO ANY LIVING, INCARNATE WOMAN, as all Cabalists well know. It refers solely to a UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLE IN NATURE, which science is just beginning to apprehend as "Ether."... 

While regulatory authorities monitor research to ensure it is conducted in accordance with relevant laws and universal principles, stakeholders also seek reassurance that companies consider any ethical concerns that emerge. In particular, this is a matter of being respectful of the integrity of people participating in clinical trials, animal welfare, and culturally founded objections to certain types of research. This condition is an obvious motivator for the adoption of alternative methods, such as biosimulation. 

The second fundamental characteristic of the MRM model is that information can be transferred from memory space to real space only by suitable conventions. In order to decrease the number of the unknowns in real space, it is necessary to give a meaning to the structures that appear in memory space, and this too is a conclusion whose validity is absolutely general. Real space and memory space must be autonomous worlds, because if they were equivalent (like real space and Fourier space, for example) they would convey the same information and no increase in complexity would be possible. But between two independent worlds there is no necessary link, and no information can be transferred automatically from one to the other. The only bridge that can establish a link between such worlds is an ad hoc process, i.e. a convention or a code. This amounts to a second universal principle there cannot be a convergent increase of complexity without codes. 

The information that appears in the memory space cannot be transferred automatically to the structure space, and can be used only by employing specific conventions (the recognition of vortices in the memory matrix, for example, can be used only if a convention gives a meaning to the corresponding points of the structure matrix). This is another conclusion that leads to a universal principle, because it is necessarily valid for all systems. 

Sincere thanks to my close friend Rupert Sheldrake, a theoretical biologist and scientific heretic, whose ideas concerning morphogenetic fields and formative causation were instrumental in shaping my own conceptions of the Timewave and of the conservation of novelty as a universal principle. 

Thus the seed is one of the most simple bodies in namre and yet has in itself the power to develop into a particular being. Thus the atoms of the body do not unite via bhnd colhsion, but something steers their movements. Moreover, the variety of namre cannot be brought back to universal principles, but each single species acknowledges principles particularly its own. The only way to know the variety of forms of bodies, is to smdy the creation. Boerhaave referred to Moses who revealed namre in his bibhcal accounts. 

Assuming that a resulting duality in a transition from an energy state to a matter state is a general universal principle, a parallel manifestation at the psychological level is seen in a phenomenon... 

The International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Associations (IFPMA) code is intended to provide minimum standards and universal principles for ethical marketing conduct on which national codes can be based. It is used as an operational code only in those countries (e.g. less developed countries) where no other code exists. In practice the self-regulatory national codes in developed countries are usually stricter and more detailed than the IFPMA code. 

Plant alcohol, or ethanol, is called spirit because that s what it is—the spirit of a plant the same whether made from grapes, grain or mandrake roots, thus the universal principle of the vegetable kingdom. The individual essence of a plant— its soul— is found in its essential oil (a rose has many names, but its fragrance is unique). The body, thirdly, is an invisible salt, extracted from the plant s ashes by separating the subtle from the gross , as we shall see later. 

The universal principles governing the relationships between the properties of fillers and effect of fillers on the properties of filled materials. 

The second approach in determining the boundaries of life, and thereby the constraints that may point to universal principles, is to consider alternative solutions to a common problem. Examples from a number of molecular systems are available. Here I will address briefly the case of the respiratory proteins, which employ either iron (hemoglobin/myoglobin and hemerythrin/myoerythrin)... 

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