Intake estimates

Daily consumption of various fruits, vegetables, and derived juices contributes to human intake of carotenoids. The estimation of carotenoid intakes has been made possible throngh publication of the qnalitative and qnantitative carotenoid contents of commonly consnmed foods. Average intake estimates in the United States are around 6.5 mg/day. In seven conntries in Enrope, the average total carotenoid intake based on the snm of the five carotenoids was approximately 14 mg/day. When dietary source of carotenoids were analyzed, carrots appeared as the major sonrces of p-carotene in all conntries except Spain, where spinach was the main contribntor. 

Ritenbaugh, C. et al.. New carotenoid values for foods improve relationship of food frequency questionnaire intake estimates to plasma values. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 5, 907, 1996. 

Risk assessors tend to build in additional uncertainty factors to avoid healthrelevant underestimates. This is partly done by using screening methods designed to look for worst case situations. Such worse case assumptions lead to intake estimates that exceed reality. For chemicals that present potential risks, more information is needed to allow more refined screening or even the most accurate estima-... 

ADI = acceptable daily intake, estimate of amount of a substance in food or drinking water, expressed as mg/kg body weight, that can be ingested daily over a lifetime without appreciable risk (weight of standard human = 60 kg) bw = body weight. 

In the Massachusetts Women s Health Study, a population-based cross-sectional investigation of women, Hernandiz-Avila and colleagues16 also found an inverse linear association with caffeine intake (estimated from... 

S. C. Fitzpatrick, S. D. Brynes, and G. B. Guest, Dietary intake estimates as a menas to the harmonization of maximum residue levels for veterinary drugs, J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther, 18, 325 (1995). 

Assess suitability of methods used for dietary intake estimations of different types of survey data by using Uncertainty Budget to quantify error incurred for each step. 

Many factors can influence the accuracy of intake estimates and it is of primary importance to ensure that the assumptions made and data used are relevant to the specific risk analysis.6 The selection of inappropriate data and... 

Intake estimates and calculations have been performed repeatedly for intense sweeteners for which probably the most extensive database among food additives exists. All studies and all calculations starting from reasonable assumptions indicate that only a minute proportion of consumers may come close to the ADI which may only seldom be exceeded by persons having food habits substantially different from the majority of the population. The best available data originate from a biomarker study on acesulfame and saccharin in which even the highest consumers among children consumed only a fraction of the ADI.29 Several intake studies were carried out on aspartame with the uniform result that no appreciable risk to exceed the ADI was found.14... 

It was recommended that the first step is to use a conservative, theoretical/hypothetical approach (such as the budget method) if no problems are encountered, then there is no need for further estimation. The next step would be a refinement of the intake estimate by undertaking a 3-day dietary study supplemented with a food frequency questionnaire to estimate percentage of consumers a minimum study population size would be 200 persons. If the intake estimate is stiU above the ADI, it would be necessary to carry out a risk assessment. 

The intake estimates for albendazole and ivermectin predict that use of the US MRLs will not result in residues above the ADI established by JECFA, and, conversely, that use of the JECFA MRLs will not result in dietary exposure to residues above the US ADI (51). In most cases, only small amounts of the ADI would be consumed. Based on these estimates, the US and JECFA MRLs for each drug would be considered equivalent for trade purposes. 

The MPC values for water and for a 168-hour week can be applied to foods if appropriate care is taken—for example, the MPC values assume an average daily intake of 2200 grams of water for a standard man. If 2200 grams of radioactive food are consumed every day for 50 years, the referenced MPC values for water are applicable. This situation is obviously not the case, and correction factors that account for the intake of various foods are needed. Intake estimates are obtainable from data such as shown in Table VI (15). The correction factor is roughly the ratio of 2200 grams to the grams of daily intake of the irradiated or radioactive food. 

There is clearly considerable scope for producing a wide variety of intake estimates for any given scenario. It is therefore vital that the underlying... 

The daily intake estimated in whole populations of fish conforms with the information above on the daily intake per unit weight of a population. It has been found to change from 2-5% to 9-22% in anchovy in winter and summer, respectively, from 1-2% to 5-12% in horse-mackerel, from 0.4% to 2-4.5% in pickerel and from zero to 4-5% in red mullet. In sprat and whiting, the daily intake is relatively stable, 2.8-7.5% and 0.5-1.3%, respectively. 

Darnerud, P.O., Atuma, S., Aune, M., Bjerselius, R., Glynn, A., Grawe, K.P., Becker, W., 2006. Dietary intake estimations of organohalogen contaminants (dioxins, PCB, PBDE and chlorinated pesticides, e.g. DDT) based on Swedish market basket data. Food Chem. Toxicol. 44, 1597-1606. 

Dietary intake estimated by adopting the oriental food consumption pattern published in WHO GEMS 2003. 

Two types of epidemiological relationships have been found in two different populations. Both relationships were inverse to selenium bioavailability and paralleled the results from animal studies. In one type of study, selenium bioavailability has been inversely related to human cancer mortality in American cities and states (14-15). Schrauzer et.al. correlated the age-adjusted mortality from cancer at 17 major body sites with the apparent dietary selenium intakes estimated from food consumption data in 27 countries (16). Significant inverse correlations were observed for cancers of the large intestine, rectum, prostate, breast, ovary, lung, and leukemia. In addition, weaker inverse associations were found for cancers of the pancreas, skin, and bladder. 

The intake estimates are based on dietary intake data collected in the Danish nationwide food consumption survey of 2000-2002 [3]. The food consumption data were sampled throughout the 3 year period in order to account for possible seasonal variations in dietary habits. The representative sample of Danes included... 

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