Food frequency questionnaire

In most studies, phytoestrogen intake has been estimated by direct methods that evaluate food intake either by recall (food-frequency questionnaires -FFQs) or by record (food diary), and subsequently by composition databases based on information of this kind. Food-frequency questionnaires are widely administered to subjects involved in epidemiological studies. Their validity and reproducibility is considered sufficient when statistically correlated to data obtained from dietary records (a properly-completed and comprehensive food diary) and from analysis of blood and urine samples (Kirk et ah, 1999 Huang et al, 2000 Yamamoto et al, 2001 Verkasalo et al, 2001). FFQs can be repeated several times a year and may be administered to large populations. Such an approach provides an easy and low-cost method of assessing the... 

An inverse correlation between thyroid cancer risk and phytoestrogens was recently proposed as a result of a multi-ethnic population-based case control study conducted in the San Francisco Bay Area (Hom-Ross et al., 2002). In this study, dietary habits and phytoestrogen consumption were assessed by a food-frequency questionnaire and by a nutrient database. The outcome of the study was that soy-based foods and alfalfa sprouts were associated with a reduction of thyroid cancer risk, whereas a Western diet did not influence cancer risk. No difference was observed between American and Asian women or between pre- and postmenopausal women. Furthermore, among the few compounds examined, the isoflavones genistein and daidzein and the lignan secoisolariciresinol were the phytoestrogens most frequently associated with risk reduction (Horn-Ross et al., 2002). 

G A (2000) Assessing the accuracy of a food frequency questionnaire for estimating usual intake of phytoestrogens. Nutr Cancer. 37 (2) 145-54. 

KIRK p, PATTERSON R E and LAMPE J (1999) Development of a soy food frequency questionnaire to estimate isoflavone consumption in US adults. J Am Diet Assoc. 99 (5) 558-63. 

YAMAMOTO S, SOBUE T, SASAKI S, KOBAYASHI M, ARAI Y, UEHARA M, ADLERCREUTZ H, WATANABE S, TAKAHASHi T, iiTOi Y, IWASE Y, AKABANE M and TSUGANE s (2001) Vahdity and reproducibihty of a self-administered food-frequency questionnaire to assess isoflavone intake in a Japanese population in comparison with dietary records and blood and urine isoflavones. JNutr. 131 (10) 2741-7. 

Ritenbaugh, C. et al.. New carotenoid values for foods improve relationship of food frequency questionnaire intake estimates to plasma values. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 5, 907, 1996. 

Jones DP, Coates RJ, Flagg EW, Eley JW, Block G, Greenberg RS, Gunter EW and Jackson B. 1992. Glutathione in foods listed in the National Cancer Institute s health habits and history food frequency questionnaire. Nutr Cancer 17(1) 57—75. 

It was recommended that the first step is to use a conservative, theoretical/hypothetical approach (such as the budget method) if no problems are encountered, then there is no need for further estimation. The next step would be a refinement of the intake estimate by undertaking a 3-day dietary study supplemented with a food frequency questionnaire to estimate percentage of consumers a minimum study population size would be 200 persons. If the intake estimate is stiU above the ADI, it would be necessary to carry out a risk assessment. 

Bingham, S.A. et ah, Comparison of dietary assessment methods in nutritional epidemiology — weighed records v 24-h recalls, food frequency questionnaires and estimated diet records, Br. J. Nutr., 72, 619, 1994. 

There have been several attempts to estimate the quantities of PPT consumed, either by using diet diaries or food frequency questionnaires and data on the typical composition of individual commodities h -SQ- Cio8-ii3 j. analysis." " In comparison with the com-... 

It is noteworthy that a cross-sectional study in 301 postmenopausal women (60 to 75 years of age) in the Netherlands, where isoflavone and lignan intakes were assessed with a food frequency questionnaire covering habitual diet during the year prior to the study, reported no associations between isoflavone intake and vascular function, including endothelial function, blood pressure, and hypertension, and this is in contrast to the observed protective effect of dietary lignan intake on blood pressure and hypertension. 

We found in several populations significant linear correlations of soy or isoflavone intake with urinary isoflavones [Franke et al., 1999 Jaceldo-Siegl et al., 2008]. This was confirmed by others who found these correlations with either urinary isoflavones [Atkinson et al., 2002 Slavin et al., 1998], plasma isoflavones [Frankenfeld et al., 2003 Heald et al., 2007 Wu et al., 2004], or both [Arai et al., 2000 Grace et al., 2004 Low et al., 2006 Ritchie et al., 2004 Yamamoto et al., 2001]. The correlations were highest (up to r = 0.6) for recent intake data (food diaries) and weaker (approximately r = 0.2) or disappeared for long-term intake measures (food frequency questionnaires). This is expected... 

Frankenfeld CL, Patterson RE, Horner NK, Neuhouser ML, Skor HE, Kalhorn TF, Howald WN, Lampe JW. 2003. Validation of a soy food-frequency questionnaire and evaluation of correlates of plasma isoflavone concentrations in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 77 674-680. 

Jaceldo-Siegl K, Fraser GE, Chan J, Franke AA, Sabate J. 2008. Validation of soy protein estimates from a food-frequency questionnaire with repeated 24-h recalls and isoflavonoid excretion in overnight urine in a western population with a wide range of soy intakes. Am J Clin Nutr 87 1422-1427. 

Decarli A, Franceschi S, Ferraroni M, Gnagnarella P, Parpinel MT, La Vecchia C, Negri E, Salvini S, Falcini F, Giacosa A. 1996. Validation of a food-frequency questionnaire to assess dietary intakes in cancer studies in Italy. Results for specific nutrients. Ann Epidemiol 6 110-118. 

Franceschi S, Negri E, Salvini S, Decarli A, Ferraroni M, Filiberti R, Giacosa A, Talamini R, Nanni O, Panarello G, et al. 1993. Reproducibility of an Italian food frequency questionnaire for cancer studies Results for specific food items. Eur J Cancer 29A 2298-2305. 

In the Caerphilly cohort (UK) of elderly men, for example, an inverse, but not statistically significant, relationship was reported between a higher milk intake (0.5 1 vs. no milk intake) and the risk of both ischemic stroke and ischemic heart disease. This study included 2512 men of whom 493 had an event of ischemic heart disease and 185 had an ischemic stroke during 20-24 years of follow-up. In this study, information on milk drinking was obtained in a semiquantitive food frequency questionnaire (Elwood et al., 2004a) which may have been a limitation. 

Example 3. Butler et al. (2003) conducted a population-based case-control study that evaluated levels of HCAs, meat intake according to doneness and cooking method, and the risk of colon cancer. The study population consisted of participants selected from 33 counties in North Carolina who were part of the North Carolina Colon Cancer Study. Cases included 274 blacks and 346 whites, between the ages of 40 and 84 with invasive adenocarcinoma of the colon diagnosed from 1996 to 2000. Controls, 426 blacks and 611 whites, were randomly selected from the North Carolina Division of Motor Vehicles (under 65) and the Center for Medicare and Medicaid services (over 65). Exposure was assessed using a food-frequency questionnaire. Meat intake frequency data, cooking method, and level of doneness was used to estimate exposure values for three specific HCAs. (Results of this study are discussed in Section 26.2.2b.). Source Butler et al. (2003). 

The biomarker is validated in a cross-sectional population-based study to determine if there are correlations between self-reported HCA exposure (for example, food frequency questionnaire using photographs similar to the case-control study reported by Butler et al.) and HCA measurements. 

The intake of fruit and vegetables was assessed with the use of a validated semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire using 486 female teacher volunteers, aged between 40 and 60, in Tehran, Iran. The blood pressure of the volunteers was measured by standard methods. Metabolic syndrome was... 

Accurate assessment of supply and intake is a complex procedure. In practice, a crude estimate of intake can be obtained from a careful clinical history taken by an experienced practitioner or from a food frequency questionnaire that summarizes the content of the individuars diet over several days, depending on how frequently particular typical foods are consumed. A more accurate quantitative assessment usually requires a minimum of three days recording of a complete dietary diary, which is subsequently analyzed using a computer program with reference tables of the nutritional contents of most foods. Unfortunately, estimates of the portion size, amounts consumed, and actual nutritional composition of the food consumed may be inaccurate. In addition, the disease process also affects the amount actually consumed and absorbed, further reducing the accuracy of the estimate of nutritional intake. 

Macintosh, D.L, P.L. Williams, D.J. Hunter, L.A. Sampson, S.C. Morris, W.C. Willett, and E.B. Rimm. 1997. Evaluation of a food frequency questionnaire-food composition approach for estimating dietary intake of inorganic arsenic and methylmercury. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 6(12) 1043-1050. 

The dietary assessment methods are based on taking a dietary history, such as diet recall (usually 24-h recall, but sometimes for longer periods), diet history (an interview about typical or usual food intake), and food frequency and/or amount questionnaires (food frequency questionnaire, FFQ and/or food amount questionnaire, FAQ, respectively). More details about these methods are discussed by Margetts and Nelson (1997). Intake of iodine from the data obtained is calculated using various national or international food composition databases, such as INFOODS (Scrimshaw, 1997 Schlotke and MoUer, 2000 Braithwaite et al., 2006). There are currently over 150 food composition tables in use around... 

Data from the National Dietary Survey based on a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Dahl et al., (2003a). 

In a substudy of MoBa, including pregnant women grouped as users or nonusers of vitamin and mineral supplements, median urinary iodine excretion per 24 h was 190p,g and 110p,g, respectively (Brantsaeter et al., 2007). In the same study, dietary iodine intake was calculated by a food-frequency questionnaire and a food diary. The dietary intake of iodine among nonsupplement users was below the recommendations, whereas the dietary iodine intake of supplement users was above the recommendations. This demonstrates that supplements may contribute considerably to the total dietary iodine intake. 

Since the fortification of cattle fodder started in 1950, iodine deficiency has been assumed to be eradicated in Norway (Frey, 1986). Although there never has been systematic monitoring of iodine nutrition, several studies in the last decade have shown that the iodine intake in the majority of the population is in the range considered to be sufficient. The majority of studies conducted in Norway have focused on urinary iodine concentrations in selected groups of the population. Calculation of iodine intake based on a food-frequency questionnaires covering the habitual diet in a representative sample of adult Norwegians confirmed that milk and dairy products are a very important iodine source in the diet. The study showed... 

Consumer Products and the Environment FFQ Food frequency questionnaire FT4 Free thyroxine... 

A number of investigations have studied the iodine intake of vegans (Table 45.3). The accuracy of the results from the five studies will ultimately depend on the dietary assessment employed. Two of these studies assessed iodine intake using the dupficate portion technique, while two estimated intake from food records, and the fifth study estimated iodine intake using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). 

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