Estimated dietary intake

Table 17.4. Dieldrin—estimated dietary intake (jigkg 1 bw) for six age-sex categories ...

Figure 17.2. Estimated dietary intake of dieldrin for Australian adults and children (1976— 1996).

Figure 17.3. Trend in estimated dietary intake of total DDT for Australian adult males (1975-2000).

Ingestion exposures can be estimated using the Dietary Exposure Evaluation Model (DEEM), a computer-based model developed by Novigen Sciences, Inc. to estimate dietary intake of chemical residues (California Environmental Protection Agency 2007). The outputs from this model include estimates of dietary exposure over multiple averaging times so that both acute and chronic exposures can be considered. Exposures can also be considered on a population or individual level. The... 

Macintosh, D.L, P.L. Williams, D.J. Hunter, L.A. Sampson, S.C. Morris, W.C. Willett, and E.B. Rimm. 1997. Evaluation of a food frequency questionnaire-food composition approach for estimating dietary intake of inorganic arsenic and methylmercury. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 6(12) 1043-1050. 

Later, JECFA proposed an alternative to TMDI, namely the estimated dietary intake (EDI), which has been accepted by the Australian authority. The difference from TMDI is the replacement of MRL by median residue concentration, on the reasonable consideration that, in the chronic intake circumstance, MRL does not provide a realistic estimate of residue intake. MRL is the upper limit of a high percentile (usually 95th) of the distribution of marker residue. In contrast, the median residue concentration provides the best point estimate of the central tendency over a prolonged period. 

Daily intake of nickel from food will vary widely because of different dietary habits and can range from 100 to 800 xg/day [11] the mean dietary nickel intake in most countries is 100-300 p.g/day. Release of nickel from kitchen utensils may contribute significantly to oral intake. Intake of 2-23 xg Ni/day via inhalation can result from smoking 40 cigarettes per day. Based on nickel concentrations in milk and infant foods, the estimated dietary intake of nickel in infants aged between 1 and 12 months may vary from 30 to 300 p.g/day, which is comparatively high in relation to the body weight. 

Weame S. Estimating dietary intakes of flavonoids. In Rice-Evans C, ed. Wake Up to Flavonoids. London Royal Society of Medicine Press, 2000 35-43. 

SL Booth, JAT Pennington, JA Sadowski. Dihydro-vitamin Ki primary food sources and estimated dietary intakes in the American diet. Lipids 31(7) 715-720, 1996. 

No specific regulatory limits or listings of cadmium compounds, including cadmium pigments, were located in FDA packaging and food contact substances databases at http //www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeIing/PackagingPCS/ default.htm (e.g., EAFUS, Inventory of Effective Food Contact Substance Notifications, List of Indirect Additives Used in Food Contact Substances, and Cumulative Estimated Dietary Intake databases). 

The FDA requires manufacturers using recycled plastic (called post-consumer recycled plastic) in food contact-applications demonstrate that the recycling process removes possible contaminants, and guidance on specific testing approaches to be used is provided by the FDA (FDA 2014b). While no specific limits were listed for cadmium in recycled food contact plastics, if the estimated dietary intake of a contaminant is less than 1.5 pg per person per day, the FDA considers this exposure to be of negligible risk (FDA 2006). 

Table 2 Estimated dietary intake of flavonoid subclasses in different countries...

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