Plasma value

Ritenbaugh, C. et al.. New carotenoid values for foods improve relationship of food frequency questionnaire intake estimates to plasma values. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 5, 907, 1996. 

The semilogarithmic plot of the data is given in Fig. 39.8a. On this plot we can readily identify the linear 3-phase of the plasma concentrations between 30 and 240 minutes. The last three points (at 360, 480 and 720 minutes) have been discarded because the corresponding plasma values are supposed to be close to the quantitation limit of the detection system. 

Cb, total brain value Cp/ total plasma value Crsn cerebrospinal fluid value CP/U/ unbound plasma value Cb/U/ unbound brain value. 

Maximal plasma values of 1.5 and 9.6 mg/L, respectively. Calves fed grain and hay from a PCP-treated feeder for 10 days contained plasma PCP levels of 1.1 mg/L, but levels returned to normal after access to feeder was denied (Osweiler etal. 1984)... 

Homeostasis of Haptoglobin in Health and in Disease 5.1. Normal Plasma Values... 

Absorption/Distribution - When acyclovir was administered to adults at 5 mg/kg by 1 hour infusions every 8 hours, mean steady-state peak and trough concentrations were 9.8 mcg/mL and 0.7 mcg/mL, respectively. When acyclovir was administered to adults at 10 mg/kg by 1 hour infusions every 8 hours, mean steady-state peak and trough concentrations were 22.9 mcg/mL and 1.9 mcg/mL, respectively. Absorption is unaffected by food. Bioavailability is between 10% and 20% and decreases with increasing doses. Concentrations achieved in CSF are approximately 50% of plasma values. Plasma protein binding is 9% to 33%. Acyclovir distributes widely in... 

Repeatedly it was shown that the semm retinol level and RBP level in prematures are significantly lower than that of neonates (Shah and Rajalekshmi, 1984). In the liver of prematures, significantly lower retinol levels can be foimd in comparison to neonates (Shensi et ah, 1985). Plasma values lower than 20 gg/dl are not rare in this case and they should be taken as an indicator of a relative vitamin A deficit. But a moderate vitamin A deficiency is not only a problem of countries with poor or inadequate food sources. 

Most studies assessing bioavailability of fluoride in humans have concentrated on comparing fluoride concentration in the plasma after intake of a substance or food, the values obtained then being compared to plasma values obtained after intravenous or oral administration of sodium fluoride [64-68]. Studies on the bioavailability of fluoride, based on both plasma and urine values of fluoride, were... 

Diclofenac enters the synovial fluid, where maximum concentrations are measured two to four hours after peak plasma values have been attained. 

The blood concentration of KBs increases during fasting. The ACAC ratio increases with the concentration of KBs during fasting (2.5-3.5). Plasma values of... 

Table 3.3.5 Reference values for total ( = bound + free) fatty acids in plasma and erythrocytes. The plasma values are expressed as pmol/l, those for erythrocytes as pmol/106 cells...

The ratio of CNS and plasma values of liberated (R)-a-methylhistamine (12) underlines the suitability of these azomethines to realize the above-mentioned prodrug concept (Figure 3). In conclusion, the pharmacokinetic properties of the prodrugs can be shifted to the desired direction by varying the substitution pattern of the pro-moiety. 

T urinary excretion by rats, but much slower excretion in dogs with some metabolism occurring. Excretion occurred by first order processes with half elimination values (E /2) f°r man, rats, and dogs of 23, 14, and 87 h, respectively. In man, Sauerhoff et al. (20 found Ej/2 values of 18 h for 2,4-D. Kohli et al.(5,6) and Sauerhoff jet aJL. (2) found Ej/2 plasma values of 33, 19 and 12 h for 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, 2,4-D respectively. Sauerhoff et al. ( 7) observed that urinary excretion was even more rapid (E /2 ... 

Phenol red (= phenolsulfonphthalein) excretion is an indirect test for uricosuric activity. After intravenous injection phenol red is mainly eliminated by active secretion in the proximal tubulus of the kidney. Treatment with uricosuric agents decreases the secretory activity of tubulus cells resulting in a delayed excretion of phenol red. Plasma values of phenol red are increased in treated animals as compared to controls. 

In cases of severe liver disease or advanced cirrhosis, the occurrence of secondary aldosteronism must always be anticipated and initially rated as an epiphenomenon. Nevertheless, at a certain point, the activated RAAS can act as a signal for a boost to the renal retention of sodium and may intervene in the pathogenesis of ascites. The aldosterone value and the renal excretion of sodium are closely and inversely correlated. Yet a higher aldosterone value is not always accompanied by a reinforced retention of sodium. This is particularly the case if the feedback by means of sodium is ineffective (= escape phenomenon). The refilling of the plasma volume may well lead to normalization of the renin and aldosterone values, yet not to normalization of the sodium excretion. The reduction in increased aldosterone values is usually accompanied by reinforced natriuresis and diuresis - as has been observed after bilateral adrenalectomy. (s. p. 315) Cirrhosis patients with ascites thus usually show a reduced life expectancy if the renin-plasma value is increased, whereas the prognosis is clearly better if the renin value is normal, (for further reference, see 2, 4—6)... 

Results The results of paracentesis have generally been good up to now the number of successfully treated patients was higher, inpatient hospitalization was shorter, and complications were less frequent or less severe. The response to diuretic therapy improved considerably discontinued diuretic therapy could be successfully taken up again. (158,159) Plasma values of renin, aldosterone and norepinephrine dropped. There was an improvement in lung volume (141,143) as well as in cardiac function values. (152,153,156) The pressure in the oesophageal varices fell. (150) Paracentesis of 6 litres of ascitic fluid removes 6 X 130 mmol sodium. 

The numerous biochemical substances that may be considered with regard to hepatic encephalopathy or ascites have been outlined in detail, (s. tabs. 15.2 16.5) Similarly, an extensive synopsis of pathogenetically effective biochemical factors can be drawn up for HRS as well. All of them ultimately interfere — directly or indirectly - with the renal retention or excretion of sodium and/ or the balance between vasodilation and vasoconstriction. RAAS is markedly activated. (5, 28, 33, 41, 62, 64, 65) (s. tab. 17.1) Vasodilative factors under discussion include bilirubin, bile acids, nitrogen monoxide (NO), false neurotransmitters, calcitonin peptide (25) as well as platelet-activating factor (RAF). In more recent studies, considerably higher plasma values of the vasoconstrictor leukotrienes (C4 and D4) (41) and endothehn 1 and 3 (42) were detected. 

Liver metabolism is controlled by hormones, and the plasma values of numerous hormones are controlled by the liver. The... 

Classic pharmaco-kinetic consideration gives a theoretical steady state plasma concentration equal to production (dosing rate) divided by clearance, i.e. between 0.017 and 0.100 nmol/L. The conventional HPLC-ECD and HPLC-MS/MS methods have sensitivity close to that level. Using up-concentrations and a HPLC-ECD system with a non-commercially available carbon column Bogdanov et al. [19] reported plasma values of 0.014 - 0.070 nmol/L (4- 21 pg/ml), i.e. in close agreement with the theoretical values. 

It is felt, however, that true adrenocortical exhaustion is a very uncommon condition (C3) and low plasma values imresponsive to ACTH are found in only a minority of very ill people (M6). The adrenal cortex usually responds to prolonged stress by hypertrophy and measurements of cortisol after prolonged stress show that they are frequently high (C12). True adrenal exhaustion or insufficiency can be diagnosed only when the plasma cortisol levels are constantly low and do not respond to ACTH stimulation. 

Plasma Value Greater Than Serum ya ue (%) No Difference Between Serum and Plasma Values Plasma Va lue Less Than Serum Va.lue (%) ... 

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