Horse mackerel

Okuzumi et al. (1990) investigated the relationship between microflora on horse mackerel (Trachurus japonicus) and the dominant spoilage bacteria. The results of their study showed that Pseudomonas I/II, Pseudomonas III/IV-NH, Vibrio, and Photobacterium were dominant when high levels of putrescine, cadaverine, and histamine were detected. 

Okuzumi, M., Fukumoto I. and Fujii, T. (1990). Changes in bacterial-flora and polyamines contents during storage of horse mackerel meat, Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 56, 1307. 

Meat-based products have been fermented with Aspergillus in an attempt to identify novel properties. Yin et al. (2005) reported that Aspergillus oryzae produces multiple enzymes and can hydrolyze minced mackerel. The present authors (Giri et al., 2009a,b) also developed a marine fish meat-based functional paste by utilizing the traditional Japanese koji fermentation technique with improved food functionality and aroma attributes. Several trash fish, including horse mackerel, spotted mackerel, lizard fish, and squid meat, were utilized to produce a functional paste... 

Sampath, K. N. S., Nazeer, R. A., and Jaiganesh, R. (2011). Purification and identification of antioxidant peptides from the skin protein hydrolysate of two marine fishes, horse mackerel (Magalaspis cordyla) and croaker (Otolithes ruber). Amino Acids, doi 10.1007/ s00726-011-0858-6. 

A number of these compounds have been identified in other foods as well. Trp-P-1 and Trp-P-2 are found in broiled sardines, chicken and horse mackerel (30). 2-Amino-dipyrido[l,2-a 3, 2 —djimidazole (Glu-P-2) was identTfied in broiled squid. 

E.V. Ivleva (1989a) found that, during the winter, Black Sea horse-mackerel displayed increased thyroid activity. This is directly related to the intensity of energy metabolism. Other workers found enhanced growth of the follicular cells of the thyroid gland of brown trout and brook trout during periods of low temperature (Woodhead and Woodhead, 1965a,b Drury and Eales, 1968), and increased thyroxine levels in the blood plasma (Eales et al, 1982). On the other hand, Leatherland (1994) has demonstrated a close positive correlation between water temperature and the concentrations of both forms of thyroid hormone (thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine) in the plasma of brown bullhead. 

The hexose monophosphate (Helly, 1976) and pentose phosphate (Hochachka and Hayes, 1962 Yamaguchi et al., 1976 Walsh, 1985 Malinovskaya, 1988 Kudryavtseva, 1990) shunts have also been found to increase in importance. The activity of transketolase, the enzyme which inhibits the peptide-phosphate pathway, is greater in fish from cold water, e.g. trout and smelt, than in those from warm water (Kudryavtseva, 1990). In the Black Sea horse-mackerel, a sharp decline in adenine nucleotide content (AMP, ADP and ATP) in white and red muscle tissues and in liver occurs at low temperature (Trusevich, 1978). In this case, the ATP is mosdy resynthesized by glycolysis. The increase in the glucose content of the blood of fish at low ambient temperatures may be of the same nature (Prosser, 1967 ... 

Thermal tolerance of isolated muscle tissue and of proteins, such as adenylate kinase and actomyosin, of small and large varieties of Black Sea horse-mackerel has been studied by Altukhov (1962) and Glushankova (1967). Johnston et al. (1973) focused on determining the thermoresistance of ATPase... 

Figure 4 Oxygen consumption by Black Sea species during short-term hypoxia O, Annular gilthead (annular bream) A, sea scorpion , horse-mackerel. (After Stolbov etal., 1995.)...

Horse-mackerel Annular bream Scorpion Fish... 

Table 4 Lipid fractions in muscle and blood serum of horse-mackerel (active) and scorpion fish (sluggish) from the Black Sea, as mg % wet weight of tissue. (After Shchepkin, 1972.)...

In the muscle of active fish such as horse-mackerel and pickerel, the antiox-idative enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase are more active than in the more sluggish scorpion fish (Rudneva-Titova, 1994 Rudneva-Titova and Zherko, 1994). 

In horse-mackerel, the high-energy substances and their products are more concentrated in white muscle than in red (Table 5), as shown by Trusevich (1978), Morozova et ah (1978b) and Emeretli (1990). The activities of key enzymes of glycogenolysis and glycolysis other than LDH are also greater in white muscle (Serebrennikova, 1981 Malinovskaya, 1988 Serebrennikova et al., 1991 ... 

Table 5 Substances associated with high energy in the muscle of horse-mackerel.

Savina, 1992). Moreover, as these authors and Silkina (1990) note, the white muscle of sluggish fish often exceeds that of highly active species in the characteristics described above. This thesis is supported by the data of Emeretli (1990) on LDH and ATPase activity measured in the muscles of horse-mackerel and scorpion fish (Figure 17). The creatine- and adenylate kinase reactions in the white muscle of sluggish fish appear to proceed at a greater rate than in more... 

Figure 17 ATPase and LDH activity in scorpion fish (white boxes) and horse-mackerel (shaded) in spring (1) summer (2) and autumn (3). R, red muscle W, white muscle. (After Emeretli, 1990)...

Figure 18 Dynamics of carbohydrate and lactate in the muscle and blood of horse-mackerel during cruise swimming. The fatigue point lies anywhere between 8 and 10 h after the start. The starting level is assumed to be 100% and the curves show the percentage increase or decrease. O, glycogen in white muscle A, glycogen in red muscle , lactate in white muscle V, lactate in red muscle O, glucose in blood , lactate in blood.

Figure 19 Dynamics of carbohydrate in brain and heart of cruising horse-mackerel. O, glycogen in brain A, glucose in brain , glycogen in heart.

Figure 20 Dynamics of high-energy phosphates in red muscle of cruising horse-mackerel. O, ATP A, creatine phosphate , inorganic phosphate released.

Estimates of maximum food consumption during July in horse-mackerel and during February in whiting. 

---