Cancer mortality from

A subsequent mortality study of this same cohort found significant increases for death due to lung cancer. (Mortality from noncarcino-genic respiratory diseases including bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma also occurred in excess.)... 

Two epidemiological studies of workers exposed to ethylene oxide revealed increased rates of leukemia. In one smdy, two cases of leukemia (0.14 expected) and three stomach cancers (0.4 expected) were observed. The other study found three cases of leukemia (0.2 expected). Because these workers had exposures to other potential carcinogens, the findings cannot be linked with certainty to ethylene oxide. The small cohort size, the small number of deaths, and uncertainties about exposure level have also been noted." A number of other studies have not found an increased rate of cancer mortality from ethylene oxide exposure. A mortality study of over 18,000 ethylene oxide workers from 14 plants producing medical supplies and foodstuffs did not find an excess of leukemia or brain, stomach, or pancreatic cancers. There was, however, an increase in non-Hodgkin lymphoma in male workers. A follow-up of 1896 ethylene oxide production workers did not find an increase in mortality from leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, or brain, pancreatic, or stomach cancers. ... 

Table 6.1 —Lifetime excess cancer mortality from a single exposure to 10 rad oflow-LET radiation per miOion males, as estimated with the absolute risk projection model and various dose-response models ...

Table. 2—Estimated lifetime excess cancer mortality from low-LET radiation per million males, as estimated by different dose-response models and risk projection models ...

Puskin, J.S. and Yang, Y.A., A letFospective look at Rn-induced lung cancer mortality from the viewpoint of a relative risk model. Health Phys., 54(6), 635, 1988. 

Long-term non-psychological health consequences are subject to the same uncertainties as the assessments from the Chernobyl accident, as discussed in Chernobyl Indirect Causes of the Accident above. Any long-term additional cancer mortality from the accident will not be discernible against normal cancer mortality. 

Table 1 Mortality from cancer of the stomach and other causes between 1 January 1946 and 28 February 1981 among 1327 male workers in a factory making ammonium nitrate fertilizer. Deaths observed compared with deaths expected from statistics for workers in comparable jobs in the locality. Statistics for heavily and less heavily exposed workers combined ...

An update of a previous study (Axelson et al. 1978), Axelson (1986) evaluated an expanded cohort of 1,424 men (levels of trichloroethylene exposure inferred from measured urinary metabolite concentrations) and found a significant increase in incidences of bladder cancer and lymphomas, and a lower than expected incidence of total cancer mortality. A further update of this work (Axelson et al. 1994) expanded the cohort to include 249 women, tracking cancer morbidity over 30 years, and found no correlation between exposure concentration or exposure time and cancer incidence at any site. The highest standardized incidence ratio noted in this study was 1.56 (95% Cl of 0.51-3.64) for 5 cases of non-Hodgkin s lymphoma observed in men. Although four of these cases occurred in persons exposed for at least 2 years, and 3 cases had a latency of 10 years or more, urinary levels of TCA showed that 4 of the 5 cases were exposed to the lowest levels of trichloroethylene (urinary levels of TCA 0-49 mg/L). The study authors mentioned that a urinary TCA level below 50 mg/L corresponds to a trichloroethylene exposure concentration of about 20 ppm. The study authors concluded that "this study provides no evidence that trichloroethylene is a human carcinogen, i.e., when the exposure is as low as for this study population."... 

NAGATA c (2000) Ecological study of the association between soy product intake and mortality from cancer and heart disease in Japan. Int JEpidemiol. 29 832-6. 

In a historical cohort mortality study of 1,990 primary lead smelter workers, an SMR of 2.04 for mortality from renal cancer was calculated (Selevan et al. 1985). The cohort consisted of workers who had worked at least 1 year, with at least 1 day of employment at the smelter between 1940 and 1965. The cohort had been heavily exposed to lead and in 1976 the PbB levels averaged 56.3 pg/dL. Exposures to cadmium and arsenic were generally minor. A follow-up study of this cohort was conducted from 1977 through 1988 (Steenland et al. 1992). Analysis of the follow-up study revealed an excess of kidney cancer, particularly in the high-lead group (SMR 2.39). Although, as the authors indicate, the study is... 

M = total mortality rate from lung cancer Mr = lung cancer mortality rate due to radon Mn = lung cancer mortality rate due to non-radon causes including smoking and all other factors, known or unknown r = average radon level in a county Then, from the linear-no threshold theory,... 

From Assumption C and Eq. (l), the distribution of Mr is accurately known. From statistics on lung cancer mortality, the distribution of M is accurately known. Thus, the distribution of Mr can be calculated mathematically, and the problem is completely solved, allowing us to derive predictions that can be tested. In particular,... 

Heidemann C, Schulza MB, Franco OH, Van Dam RM, Mantzoros CS and Hu FB. 2008. Dietary patterns and risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease, cancer and all causes in a prospective cohort of women. Circulation 118 230-237. 

Pharmacogenomics may be beneficial to people of color because of their high rates of morbidity and mortality from certain cancers, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, asthma, HIV /AIDS, Alzheimer disease, clinical depression, and other diseases. Thus more effective therapies help those individuals most in need of treatment. 

Approximately 30 y after exposure, there were no significant increases in mortality from overall cancer or cancers at specific anatomical sites, in diseases of the respiratory system, or in overall mortality noted in this cohort. However, the exposure period covered by the study was short, the exposed groups were small, and the exposure levels were not well documented. Consequently, evidence presented in this study is inadequate to assess the carcinogenicity of phosgene. 

Approximately 35 y after exposure to phosgene, no increase in overall mortality or mortality from cancer or respiratory disease was noted in this cohort. 

Polednak (1980) and Polednak and Hollis (1985) examined a cohort of chemical workers exposed to phosgene at chronic low levels as well as daily exposures above 1 ppm. Approximately 35 y after exposure to phosgene, no increase in overall mortality or mortality from cancer or respiratory disease... 

Metastasis is a process by which malignant cells leave their primary site and spread to distant locations throughout the body. It is the formation of metastasis that makes cancer such a lethal disease. The presence of metastasis is therefore the main cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with cancer. While primary tumors are potentially resectable, most metastases are resistant to all current forms of cancer treatment. Approximately 30% of patients with newly diagnosed solid cancers (excluding nonmelanoma skin cancers) have clinically detectable metastases, while another 30% may have occult micrometastases (L2). Clearly, to reduce mortality from cancer, we have to be able to prevent or treat metastasis. 

Cancer. A small non-significant excess of respiratory cancers among phenol-exposed wood industry workers was not clearly related to phenol exposure (Kauppinen et al. 1986). Although small nonsignificant excesses of Hodgkin s disease and of lung, esophageal, and kidney cancers were noted, mortality from cancer was not clearly related to phenol exposure in phenol production workers (Dosemeci et al. 1991). 

A study of workers from phenol production facilities did not find an association between phenol and mortality from various causes, including cancer (Dosemeci et al. 1991). Urinary levels of total phenol have been shown to correlate with atmospheric phenol concentration when there is limited dermal exposure, and no exposure to benzene (ACGIH 1991 Ohtsuji and Ikeda 1972). 

Thom, T.J., Epstein, F.H., Feldman, J.J., Leaveton, P.E. and Wolz, M. (1992). Total mortality from heart disease, cancer and stroke from 1950 to 1987 in 27 Countries. National Institutes of Health publication no. 02-3088. National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda. 

When the same observers examined mortality from chronic respiratory diseases other than cancer of the lung, the death rates were found to be somewhat higher in Los Angeles than in the San Francisco Bay area and San Diego County, particularly among persons who had lived for 10 or more years in the same area. It is well known, however, that socioeconomic class is an important factor in mortality from chronic respira-... 

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