Alkaline materials

Health and Safety Factors. Although butynediol is stable, violent reactions can take place in the presence of certain contaminants, particularly at elevated temperatures. In the presence of certain heavy metal salts, such as mercuric chloride, dry butynediol can decompose violently. Heating with strongly alkaline materials should be avoided. 

Reactivity Acrolein is a highly reactive chemical, and contamination of all types must be avoided. Violent polymerization may occur by contamination with either alkaline materials or strong mineral acids. Contamination by low molecular weight amines and pyridines such as a-picoline is especially hazardous because there is an induction period that may conceal the onset of an incident and allow a contaminant to accumulate unnoticed. After the onset of polymeriza tion the temperature can rise precipitously within rninutes. 

Chemical Properties. In addition to the reactions Hsted in Table 3, boron trifluoride reacts with alkali or alkaline-earth metal oxides, as well as other inorganic alkaline materials, at 450°C to yield the trimer trifluoroboroxine [13703-95-2] (BOF), MBF, and MF (29) where M is a univalent metal ion. The trimer is stable below — 135°C but disproportionates to B2O2 and BF at higher temperatures (30). 

Because of thek flash pokits, nitroparaftins are classified as flammable Hquids under DOT regulations (ha2ard class 3, PG III). Nitromethane and nitroethane tires can be extinguished with water, CO2, foam, or class ABC dry chemical extinguishers. Nitroparaftins should not be exposed to dry caustic soda, lye, or similar alkaline materials. 

There are occasions where the mud pH must be lowered such as after drilling fresh cement or overtreatment by one of the alkaline materials discussed. Organic acids that have been used for this purpose include acetic acid [64-19-7], citric acid [77-92-9], and oxaHc acid [144-62-7]. These materials are used infrequently. Inorganic additives used to lower pH levels include sodium bicarbonate [144-55-8] and sodium acid pyrophosphate [7758-16-9] (SAPP). Of the two, sodium bicarbonate is used the most by far. 

The eyes are particularly susceptible to Hquids, gases, and some soHds. The conjunctival membrane surrounding the eye is easily irritated. Alkaline materials, eg, hydroxides and amines, destroy the eye tissues rapidly, frequently causiug partial or complete loss of vision. 

The 40% aqueous solution of TRIS AMINO is nonirritating to the eyes and skin. In general, the toxicology of the alkan olamines is typical of alkaline materials, ie, the greater the base strength, the greater the effect. Neutralized alkan olamines are much less toxic their stearate soaps, for instance, have been found to be nonhazardous. 

Adolph Baeyer is credited with the first recognition of the general nature of the reaction between phenols and aldehydes in 1872 ([2,5-7] [18], Table 5.1). He reported formation of colorless resins when acidic solutions of pyrogallic acid or resorcinol were mixed with oil of bitter almonds, which consists primarily benzaldehyde. Baeyer also saw resin formation with acidic and basic solutions of phenol and acetaldehyde or chloral. Michael and Comey furthered Baeyer s work with additional studies on the behavior of benzaldehyde and phenols [2,19]. They studied a variety of acidic and basic catalysts and noted that reaction vigor followed the acid or base strength of the catalyst. Michael et al. also reported rapid oxidation and darkening of phenolic resins when catalyzed by alkaline materials. 

Alkalinity and Lime Content. The whole mud alkalinity test procedure is a titration method which measures the volume of standard acid required to react with the alkaline (basic) materials in an oil mud sample. The alkalinity value is used to calculate the pounds per barrel unreacted excess lime in an oil mud. Excess alkaline materials, such as lime, help to stabilize the emulsion and also neutralize carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulfide acidic gases. 

Neutralizers. To maintain pH levels in alkaline regions, it is necessary to neutralize the acidic components of the corrosive medium. Water-soluble, alkaline materials, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), ammonium hydroxide (NH OH) and calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)J, can be used to obtain pH levels around 9.6. However, care must be taken to avoid reaching pH levels that are... 

Both these materials are available commercially as powders and in impregnated wrapping papers and bags. Various modified inhibitors are also available, containing mixtures of the two, or more alkaline materials such as guanidine carbonate. Other proprietary inhibitors contain volatile amines, e.g. morpholine, combined with solution inhibitors. Certain solution inhibitors have been reported to act to some extent as volatile inhibitors. 

Phosphate-Cycle Formulation for Simple Systems with Adequate FW Alkalinity Materials... 

NOTES NS = not specified, ND = not detectable. VAM = Use only volatile alkaline materials upstream of attemperation water source (10). 

Acid neutralizers are alkaline materials that produce active components designed to absorb and neutralize S03 in the gas stream during combustion. The effect is to reduce sulfuric acid corrosion on heat-exchange surfaces (such as economizers and air heaters), which takes... 

Karl Fischer titration. This titration procedure determines the concentration of water present in AOS samples containing 40-70 wt % water. In Karl Fischer titrations, each equivalent of base interferes as 18 g of water. Since AOS samples are basic, water values obtained must be corrected for side reactions of reagent with alkaline material. Alkalinity must be determined to correct for this error. 

Backfilling with limestone or other alkaline material is an added step to protect buried structures from microbiological damage. Providing adequate drainage to produce a dry environment bom above and below ground in the area of the buried structure will also reduce the risk of this type of damage. 

Interfacial rheologic properties of different crude oil-water systems were determined in wide temperature and shear rate ranges and in the presence of inorganic electrolytes, surfactants, alkaline materials, and polymers [1056]. 

Chemical inertness This attribute implies immunity of a given refractory in a given application to any sort of chemical reaction. It should not, for instance, form fusible products with slags, fuel ashes and furnace gases. The condition inside most furnaces is usually either acidic or basic, and on this basis an acid refractory is prohibited from coming into physical contact with alkaline materials, or vice versa. 

Unstable with heat, alkaline materials, and water. Do not store wet AC may react violently with strong mineral acids experience shows mixtures with about 20% or more sulfuric acid will explode effects with other acids are not quantified, but strong acids like hydrochloric or nitric would probably react similarly. 

Can occur violently in the presence of heat, alkaline materials, or moisture. Once initiated, polymerization becomes uncontrollable since the reaction is autocatalytic,... 

Store OPA in a cool, well-ventilated area away from heat, open flame. Avoid contact with water mists or sprays, metals, alkaline materials, and some organics. Reacts readily with DF or DC, producing extremely toxic compounds (GB or a chlorine compound similar to GB). 

Stability Does not spontaneously decomposes but is reactive. Avoid contact with water mists or sprays, metals, alkaline materials, and some organics. 

Non-biodegradable hazardous materials 3 Strongly acid or alkaline materials in quantities... 

The category of builders consists predominantly of several types of materials -specific precipitating alkaline materials such as sodium carbonate and sodium silicate complexing agents like sodium triphosphate or nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) and ion exchangers, such as water-soluble polycarboxylic acids and zeolites (e.g., zeolite A). 

The concrete material used for sewer construction is typically based on the use of Portland cement. Different types of Portland cement have not shown significant differences in the corrosion rate of concrete. However, an increase of the relative amount of cement used in the concrete reduces the corrosion rate— in units of mm y-1—according to the increase in the alkalinity per unit volume of the concrete material (Grennan et al 1980). The use of high-alkaline materials... 

Ionized or charged organic moieties do not readily pass through the lipophilic cell membranes of the epithelial cells that line the GI tract. Thus more acidic molecules tend to be more readily absorbed from the stomach while more alkaline materials tend to be absorbed from the small intestine. This is because at the acidic pH of the stomach, acidic chemicals tend to be nonionized. More alkaline chemicals tend to be more ionized in the stomach and less ionized in the gut. The equilibrium reaction for acidic dissociation can be represented by this equation ... 

Wands RC Alkaline Materials. In Clayton GD, Clayton EE (eds) Patty s Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 3rd ed, rev, Vol 2B, Toxicology, pp 3052-3053. New York, Wiley-Interscience, 1981... 

Greim H, Wolff T, Hofler M, Lahaniatis E Formation of dichloroacetylene from trichloroethylene in the presence of alkaline material—Possible cause of intoxication after abundant use of chloroethylene-containing solvents. Arch Toxicol ISGEIMll, 1984... 

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