Inorganic acids additive names

These catalysts were modified by adding non-volatile inorganic acids and their salts, namely orthophosphoric acid, boric acid, barium sulfate, sodium silicate, barium nitrate, and hydrofluoric acid. The additives were added to the finished catalyst by direct impregnation from solution. The presence of the additives did not alter the specific surface or the geometric structure of the final preparations. 

IR-1.5.3.2 Compositional nomenclature IR-1.5.3.3 Substitutive nomenclature IR-1.5.3.4 Additive nomenclature IR-1.5.3.5 General naming procedures IR-1.6 Changes to previous IUPAC recommendations IR-1.6.1 Names of cations IR-1.6.2 Names of anions IR-1.6.3 The element sequence of Table VI IR-1.6.4 Names of anionic ligands in (formal) coordination entities IR-1.6.5 Formulae for (formal) coordination entities IR-1.6.6 Additive names of polynuclear entities IR-1.6.7 Names of inorganic acids IR-1.6.8 Addition compounds IR-1.6.9 Miscellaneous... 

Additive nomenclature treats a compound or species as a combination of a central atom or central atoms with associated ligands. The particular additive system used for coordination compounds (see Chapter IR-9) is sometimes known as coordination nomenclature although it may be used for much wider classes of compounds, as demonstrated for inorganic acids (Chapter IR-8) and organometallic compounds (Chapter IR-10) and for a large number of simple molecules and ions named in Table IX. Another additive system is well suited for naming chains and rings (Section IR-7.4 see Example 6 below). 

The main principle, however, is to use additive nomenclature for deriving systematic names for inorganic acids. For example, the systematic name for dihydrogenphosphate, H2PO4-, is dihydroxidodioxidophosphate(l—). 

For a number of inorganic acids, used as functional parents in organic nomenclature, the parent names used are now consistently allowed in the present recommendations, although fully systematic additive names are also given in all cases in Chapter IR-8. Examples are phosphinous acid, bromic acid and peroxydisulfuric acid. (Some of these names were absent from Ref. 11.)... 

All inorganic oxoacids for which a common name containing the word acid is still acceptable according to the present recommendations are listed in Table IR-8.1 together with additive names to illustrate how systematic names may be given. 

The method of giving a systematic name to an inorganic oxoacid uses an additive name. This shows the connectivity of the central atom, as well as the groups attached to that central atom. The structure of a molecule of sulfuric acid is shown below ... 

A chemical compound formed by the reaction of an organic or inorganic acid with an alcohol or with another organic compound containing the hydroxyl (-OH) radical. The reaction involves replacement of the hydrogen of the acid with a hydrocarbon group. The name of an ester indicates its derivation e.g., the ester resulting from the reaction of ethyl alcohol and acetic acid is called ethyl acetate. Esters have important uses in the formulation of some petroleum additives and synthetic lubricants. 

Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) face two major problems of methanol crossover and low proton conductivity. In order to overcome these problems, modified Nafion membranes containing HPAs have been casted by sonicating the inorganic additives namely silicon dioxide particles and molybdophosphoric acid in commercially available Nafion solution in high boiling point solvent (dimethylsulfoxide or 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone) [95]. Additives were effectively immobilized in the cast membranes, which did not leach out on boiling in sulfuric... 

Of the various types of higher order compounds which should be named as coordination compounds, only molecular addition compounds have not been considered. The rules for naming inorganic compounds indicate that (CHaJsN-BF would be called compound of boron trifluoride with trimethylamine., However, Davidson and Brown (4) suggest that this substance be called trimethylamine-boron trifluoride. In general, that molecule which donates a pair of electrons (base) is given first followed by the acceptor molecule (acid). Similarly, (CH3)2S-A1(CH3)3 would be known as dimethyl sulfide-trimethylaluminum. If these were named as coordination compounds, the names would be (trimethylamine)trifluoroboron and (dimethylsulfide)trimethylalu-minum. 

Functional replacement names may, of course, be used for the derived parent acids themselves. However, this amounts to introducing an additional system which is not needed in inorganic nomenclature. As mentioned above, additive and substitutive nomenclature can... 

Protein derivatives are generally composed of several different molecular species, as the result of the complex composition of source material and its processing to smaller peptides or condensates moreover, many different additives, impurities, by-products, and contaminants may be present. A hydrolyzed protein preparation can be composed of thousands of different peptides, inorganic ions, sugars, lipids, ammonia, preservatives, antioxidants, and a variety of other possible impurities. Fatty acid condensates of hydrolyzed protein can contain, in addition, soaps and acylamides. Furthermore, products with the same INCI name, prepared by different manufacturing processes or from different source materials, will probably differ, also significantly, in their chemical composition. 

Today, in addition to the classical inorganic ions, the field of ion chromatography and the economical significance of this method cover such organic ionic compounds as organic acids, carbohydrates, and glycoproteins, to name but a few. 

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