Additives organic

Small amounts of organic materials may produce marked changes in the CMC in aqueous media. Since some of these materials may be present as impurities or byproducts of the manufacture of surfactants, their presence may cause significant differences in supposedly similar commercial surfactants. A knowledge of the effects of organic materials on the CMC of surfactants is therefore of great importance for both theoretical and practical purposes. 

Traditionally, the organic components of expander formulations are derived from natural products such as wood pulp. The composition of such materials is poorly defined. Lignin extracts, frequently obtained from waste sulfite liquors in the papermaking industry, are purified by removing sugars and various metals, and then depolymerized to different degrees. Lignin molecules are formed from three primary precursors, p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol, and sinapyl alcohol the 

The eoneern over the performance of negative plates in VRLA batteries has resulted in renewed interest in the influence and mechanisms of organic additives and extensive research programmes have been carried out under the auspices of the ALABC. This work has included an assessment of 34 materials, five of which were synthetie organie compounds that were identified to have the potential to act as effective expander components in lead-acid batteries [32]. Preliminary screening tests for stability in acid, impurities and thermal stability, followed by studies of potentiostatic transients, impedance plots, and cyclic voltammograms [33], have 

All the organic additives increased the BET specific surface-area of the negative plate. In the absence of an additive, the surface area was 0.2m g Vanisperse A — probably the organic material which is most commonly used by the battery industry 

The utilization of negative active-material at three discharge rates was determined, and Table 5.3 shows the range of mean values for plates made with 0.22 wt.% carbon black, 0.8 wt.% barium sulfate, and three levels of the experimental materials. The data have been normalized to eliminate small variations in paste weight. At 

Material Concentration (wt.%) Utilization (mAhg ) Room temperature -18°C 

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Morse T 1979 Handbook of Organic Additives for Use in Ceramic Body Formuiation (Butte, MA Montana Energy and MHD Research and Deveiopment institute)... 

Shanefieid D J 1996 Organic Additives and Ceramic Processing with Appiications in Powder Metaiiurgy, ink, and Paint 2nd edn (Boston, MA Kiuwer)... 

Orgamide Organic acid Organic acids Organic additives... 

Organic Additives. Certain nonsurfactant organic additives improve cleaning performance and exhibit other desirable properties. 

Recent applications of e-beam and HF-plasma SNMS have been published in the following areas aerosol particles [3.77], X-ray mirrors [3.78, 3.79], ceramics and hard coatings [3.80-3.84], glasses [3.85], interface reactions [3.86], ion implantations [3.87], molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) layers [3.88], multilayer systems [3.89], ohmic contacts [3.90], organic additives [3.91], perovskite-type and superconducting layers [3.92], steel [3.93, 3.94], surface deposition [3.95], sub-surface diffusion [3.96], sensors [3.97-3.99], soil [3.100], and thermal barrier coatings [3.101]. 

Certain organic compounds form complexes with platinum, and this accounts for the fact that the thin coating of platinum on titanium is rapidly corroded when platinised titanium is used as an anode in plating baths containing organic addition agents. 

Coatings of tin produced from tin-containing aqueous solutions by chemical replacement may be used to provide special surface properties such as appearance or low friction, but protect from corrosion only in non-aggressive environments. Copper and brass may be tinned in alkaline cyanide solutions or in acid solutions containing organic addition agents such as thiourea. Steel may be first coated with copper and then treated... 

Electroless nickel coatings containing PTFE particles have been discussed by Tulsi, and non-stick coatings of electrodeposited nickel containing 30% by volume PTFE particles are described by Naito and Otaka . They found that the addition of organic additives to increase the hardness of the nickel matrix to 500-600 Hy reduced the incorporation of the PTFE to 10-15% by volume. 

The addition of some metal ions, such as Mg2+,Zn2+, In3+,orGa3+, and some organic additives, such as 2-thiophene, 2-methylfuran, or benzene, to propylene carbonate-LiC104 improved the coulombic efficiency for lithium cycling [112]. Lithium deposition on a lithium surface covered with a chemically stable, thin and tight layer which was formed by the addition of HF to electrolyte can suppress the lithium dendrite formation in secondary lithium batteries [113]. 

After formation of a primary deposit layer on foreign substrates, further layer growth will follow the laws of metal deposition on the metal itself. But when the current is interrapted even briefly, the surface of the metal already deposited will become passivated, and when the current is turned back on, difficulties will again arise in the formation of first nuclei, exactly as at the start of deposition on a foreign substrate (see Section 14.5.3). This passivation is caused by the adsorption of organic additives or contaminants from the solution. Careful prepurification of the solution can prolong the delay with which this passivation will develop. 

Oxides of Platinum Metals Anodes of platinum (and more rarely of other platinum metals) are used in the laboratory for studies of oxygen and chlorine evolution and in industry for the synthesis of peroxo compounds (such as persulfuric acid, H2S2O8) and organic additive dimerization products (such as sebacic acid see Section 15.6). The selectivity of the catalyst is important for all these reactions. It governs the fraction of the current consumed for chlorine evolution relative to that consumed in oxygen evolution as a possible parallel reaction it also governs the current yields and chemical yields in synthetic electrochemical reactions. 

The properties of the filter-cake formed by macroscopic particles can be significantly influenced by certain organic additives. The overall mechanism of water-soluble fluid loss additives has been studied by determining the electrophoretic mobility of filter-cake fines. Water-soluble fluid loss additives are... 

Tran, A. D., Park, S., Lisi, P. J., Huynh, O. T., Ryall, R. R., and Lane, P. A., Separation of carbohydrate-mediated microheterogeneity of recombinant human erythropoietin by free solution capillary electrophoresis. Effects of pH, buffer type and organic additives,. Ckromatogr., 542, 459, 1991. 

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