Propellants inorganic additives

The residue on the surface of a discharged bullet appears to originate from the base of the bullet itself, from the primer, and from inorganic additives to the propellant. Firings numbered 8,21,34, and 35 had lead-free primers yet lead was detected on the perimeter of the bullet holes. Ammunition with barium-free primers gave barium on the perimeter. 

Analysis of the nny 82 ammunition as previously detailed shows that it uses a mercuric corrosive primer. Analysis of the Chinese 351/73 ammunition revealed that it has a copper-coated iron-jacketed bullet with an iron core and a lead tip, the cartridge case is steel with a brown colored lacquered finish, a brass primer cup, and the propellant is single based with DPA, 2 x nitrodiphenylamines, camphor, and contains no inorganic additives, and the discharged primer composition is antimony, potassium, chlorine, mercury, tin, sulfur, iron, manganese, phosphorus, zinc, and lead in descending order (lead, antimony, mercury type). 

Analysis of a round of. 38 Special caliber, Smith Wesson Nyclad ammunition revealed that the cartridge case and primer cup are nickel-plated brass, no inorganic additives to the propellant were detected, the primer composition contains lead, antimony, and barium, the bullet core is antimony-hardened lead, and the bullet jacket contains traces of calcium, cobalt, titanium, and phosphorus. 

Both gas and liquid are very sol in water. Can be prepd by distUlation from the product of reaction of Ca fluoride (fluorspar) and sulfuric acid. Used as fluorinating agent in organic and inorganic reactions production of fluorine and A1 fluoride prepn of hydrofluoric acid production of fluoroborates, fluorosilicates, etc as an additive in liquid rocket propellants and for refining of uranium (Ref 3, p 588-R)... 

Organic FDR detection is a useful additional technique, despite the fact that single-based propellant constituents cannot be reliably detected. The current system uses GC/TEA as a rapid screening technique for NG and 2,4-DNT, and only positive samples need to be subjected to the SPE cleanup/ concentration procedure. The method is flexible in that the extract can be analyzed by a range of analytical instrumentation. There does not appear to be good correlation between the detection of organic and inorganic FDR which emphasizes the need for combined instrumentation, that is, GC/TEA, GC/MS, and SEM/EDX. Details of the method devised are as follows. 

The function of the second component is also to adjust the oxygen balance that affects the energy output and reaction temperature. The oxygen balance is also adjusted by the addition of inorganic oxidizers such as nitrates, perchlorates, or sulfates. Some examples of double-base propellants are given in Table 12.5. 

Use Catalyst in alkylation, isomerization, condensation, dehydration, and polymerization reactions fluorinating agent in organic and inorganic reactions production of fluorine and aluminum fluoride additive in liquid rocket propellants refining of ura-... 

Molecular dissociation is a large field that encompasses gas phase reactions such as the dissociation of large hydrocarbons, combustion of fuels, liquid phase organic and inorganic reactions, surface catalyzed reactions practi-cally every molecule dissociates under the appropriate conditions. In addition, another important process involves the rapid dissodation of energetic materials such as propellants and explosives. 

Quantitative determination of the various organic and inorganic components detected by the qualitative tests. Most often, ion chromatography is used for determination of sulfate phosphate and polyphosphates chelates such as NTA, EDTA, and gluconate and other lower molecular weight components. Capillary electrophoresis may also be used. Gas chromatography is applied to quantification of solvents and propellants. Specialized tests are required to determine poly aery late builders One quick semi-quantitative test is based on pyrolysis GC-MS of a water extract after addition of tetramethylammonium hydroxide. Peaks of methyl acrylate and methyl fumarate indicate the presence of acrylate and maleate polymers and/or copolymers (14). 

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