Injuries specific types

Diagnosing viral hepatitis may be difficult because most infected individuals are asymptomatic. Because symptoms cannot identify the specific type of hepatitis, laboratory serologies must be obtained (Table 21-2). In addition, liver function tests may be obtained to assess the extent of cholestatic and hepatocellular injury. However, the definitive test to determine the amount of damage and inflammation of hepatic cells is a liver biopsy. 

The nephron and its related cells perform diverse physiological functions. It is the major organ of excretion and homeostasis for water-soluble molecules because it is a metabolically active organ, it can concentrate certain substances actively. In addition, its cells have the potential to bioconvert chemicals and metabolically activate a variety of compounds. There are a number of other processes described in the following that establish the potential for cellular injury. Specific physiological characteristics are localized to specific cell types. This makes them susceptible to, and the target for, chemicals. 

Table 2 Examples of liver toxicants causing specific types of injury...

By contrast, the critics of Frye proclaim that the test should be abolished because it bans useful groundbreaking studies or theories from the courtroom. Plaintiffs have argued that the people who have been harmed by exposure to toxic substances should not have to wait for proof of others being similarly hurt before they can receive relief. This argument is especially significant in the context of toxic tort litigation, where anecdotal (case) reports have been cited by some experts as evidence that a toxic substance causes a specific type of injury. 

While the Act specifies no criteria for measuring the severity of risk, two considerations seem logically relevant. First, what is the probability that the product defect will in fact injure consumers In other words, what fraction of the consumers who are exposed to the product will be injured Second, in those cases where the product will cause injury, what type of injury will occur Will that injury be death, serious bodily harm or merely minor injury In applying these considerations to specific products, the product s historical safety record will undoubtedly be relevant, as will an analysis of the conditions which must be present in order for the product defect to result in injury. In the latter con-... 

Markers for cytotoxicity not measured from the BAL include cytokines. Cytokines are proteins that indicate specific types of cellular responses. Monitoring various cytokine levels in exposure studies can provide information about cells that are targeted because each cytokine possesses a specific function. There are more than 18 cytokines that have been identified, and cytokines commonly examined in toxicity studies can be grouped into pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and cell proliferation and differentiation stimuli subsets (47). Measuring cytokine levels along with BAL fluid markers allows a better understanding of the types of cells being activated and the types of injuries induced by the introduction of the nanomaterial. 

This database focuses on work-related personal injury and illness and property damage (including that due to the operation of motor vehicles). There is a general tabular breakdown relative to individual contractors however, there is no detail as to the specific types of work or the assumed risk inherent in these particular types of work. This is an old database which was established to collect statistics for the U.S. Department of Labor. An important aspect is that the data is reported on a normalized per unit of work (200,000 person hours) basis which facilitates gross comparisons between and within industries. To emphasize the general nature of the CAIRS database, Total Injury and Illness Incidences Rates and Lost Workday Incidence Rates are depicted in Figures 4 and 5, respectively. 

In a study published in the April 29 issue of the CDC s Morbidity and Mortaiity Weekiy Report, older workers were found to be at higher risk of falls from stairs, ladders or heights and for specific types of injuries, including fractures and hip injuries. However, they do not have an increased risk of injury overall compared to younger workers. 

The lower US rates might reflect better quality care, but most probably reflect the narrower focus on negligent injury rather than the broader quality improvement focus of most other studies (Thomas et al, 2000a). Eric Thomas and colleagues also found, in a careful comparison of specific types of adverse events, that Australian reviewers reported many more minor expected or anticipated complications, such as wound infection, skin injury and urinary tract infection. These are adverse events by the strict definition of the term, but were not included by the American reviewers, who were focusing on more serious injuries (Thomas et al, 2000a). 

A cream for use on the skin to protect against injury (e.g., dermatitis, inflammation, etc.) from contact with specific types of harmful substances (e.g., adhesives, oils, solvents, resins, fiberglass, dyes, etc.). 

The cells and components of vascularized connective tissue (Table 2.2) are involved in the inflammatory and wound healing responses. Thus, injury to soft tissues involves the specific types of cells which constitute the organ or tissue as well as the cells and components of vascularized connective tissue. Vascularized connective tissue can be viewed as the general network which holds together specific cell types in unique three-dimensional patterns to constitute organs or tissues. 

However, direct inhibition of the action of IL-8 might be the most effective and beneficial therapy considering clinical application. This novel intervention therapy inhibits specific types of leukocytes, neutrophils, and thus can be applied to neutrophil-mediated acute inflammatory diseases in any organ and/or tissue injury. This approach does not accelerate the spread of unexpected bacterial infection because there is no inhibitory action against monocyte/macrophages. Moreover, because IL-8 is involved relatively downstream of the cytokine network in acute inflanunation, and anti-IL-8 therapy is expected to have few side effects compared with other anticytokine therapies. Furthermore, this therapy not only inhibits neutrophil infiltration but also neutrophil-associated tissue injury. Thus, at present, humanized monoclonal antibodies to human IL-8 is expected to be one of the most promising clinical applications of novel intervention therapy for acute inflammatory diseases. 

Specific standards have been developed by OSHA to reduce potenhal safety and health hazards in the oil and gas drilling, servicing, and storage industry. States also have requirements that provide further work and public safety protections. Before discussing each of the pertinent OSHA standards related to safe shale gas fracking operations, it is important to discuss and describe actual process practices, industry profile data, nature of the work, types of recorded on-the-job injuries specific to the industry, and the number and type of citations issued by OHSA during scheduled or unscheduled audits. 

Second, compensation is limited to specific types of costs. Medical bills must be paid that are generated from treating the injury. Disability payments mnst be paid if the injury results in short-term or long-term loss of use of a body part. Rehabilitation must be made in cases such as when an employee must receive physical therapy to recover from a back injury. In the case of a fatality, death benefits are delineated. 

More specific typing is required. Injuries can usually be typed in a manner that matches the reports of the workers compensation carrier. Examples include lacerations, bruises, amputations, and burns. The tracking forms must also consider other metrics that could be central in identifying trends and determining causation. These usually include day, time, supervisor, process or machine-operated activity before accident, and many others. On this form, the data should actually be metrics used to track and compare incidents within the facility or company. Other contributing factors can be listed on the investigation form. 

Recording specific types of cases.Illness and injury recordkeeping-21... 

It is important to know and understand the desired end result and keep in focus what is to be achieved. In the case of safety, it might be a specific type of injury reduction through improved hazard and risk controls. 

Falla (1997) also highlights the fact that the removal of the fault criteria means that the Consumer Protection Act imposes the highest standard of care on a producer. If a producer is not liable under the Act it is unlikely he will be found liable in negligence. Only damage of a specific type may form the basis of an action under the Consumer Protection Act. The damage may be death, personal injury or damage to property. However, only property which is of a type ordinarily intended for private use may be the subject of a claim and property damage must exceed 275. ... 

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