Pipe-type

Instrumental Interface. Gc/fdr instmmentation has developed around two different types of interfacing. The most common is the on-the-fly or flow cell interface in which gc effluent is dkected into a gold-coated cell or light pipe where the sample is subjected to infrared radiation (see Infrared and raman spectroscopy). Infrared transparent windows, usually made of potassium bromide, are fastened to the ends of the flow cell and the radiation is then dkected to a detector having a very fast response-time. In this light pipe type of interface, infrared spectra are generated by ratioing reference scans obtained when only carrier gas is in the cell to sample scans when a gc peak appears. 

Factors that are important for the limitation of protected areas are the pipe network structure, degree of mesh, number of service pipes, type of pipe connections, quality of the pipe coating and availability of protection current as well as stray current effects. A protected area in a distribution network is shown in Fig. 10-11 with separate parts of the network (NT I to NT IV). Previous experience has shown that protected areas of 1 to 2 km with lengths of pipeline from 10 to 20 km are advantageous [30],... 

The gas system did not inelude any storage other than pipeline paek and one relatively small high-pressure pipe-type holder. Therefore, pressures and flows in all areas of the system varied widely on a daily and seasonal basis. Several years of operating data were reviewed and analyzed to seleet a loeation that met the flow and pressure drop requirements for installation of an expander. Site seleetion also gave eonsideration to the requirements for eonneetion to the gas system, eonneetion to the eleetrie system, and sound attenuation measures neeessary to eliminate any impaet on the surrounding area. 

WET ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR (ESP) WIRE-PIPE TYPE AND OTHERS... 

For simplicity, the basic theoretical considerations of electrostatic precipitation are given in terms of cylindrical geometry, i.e., pipe-type electrostatic precipitation. This makes it possible to show most of the basic principles without numerical modeling. 

The concentration of gas ions significantly influences the particle-charging process. The high ion concentration is essential for the effective charging of fine particles. The distribution of ion concentration in a pipe-type electrostatic precipitator can be approximated by using the equations presented in the previous section. 

Electrostatic precipitators have been used in various gas-cleaning applications almost for a century. During the past decades, a large number of modifi cations to electrostatic precipitators have been developed, the nn.ist common being duct and pipe types. The utilization of electrostatic precipitation extends from small household air cleaners up to huge industrial gas-cleaning systems. 

Pipe-type electrostatic precipitators are used to collect liquid aerosols (e.g., mists and fogs). They are also used in applications which require water flushing of collection electrodes. The diameter of precipitator pipes is typically in the range of 15 0 cm, and the length is in the range of 3-6 m. The number of pipes depends on the total gas flow. The gas-flow rates in pipe-type electro static precipitators is normally much lower than in duct-type precipitators. 

Many older ESPs are of the wire-pipe design, consisting of a single tube placed on top of a smokestack. Dry pipe-type ESPs are occasionally used by the textile industry, pulp and paper facilities, the metallurgical industry, coke ovens, hazardous waste incinerators, and sulfuric acid manufacturing plants, among others, though other ESP types are employed as well. 

Wet Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) Wire-Pipe Type and Others... 

The pipe-type units are usually built in a cylindrical housing having a header sheet near the inside top. In this header sheet are nested pipes, which act as collecting electrodes. The discharge electrodes are supported above the... 

Figure 16.1. Petrol permeation through HDPE pipe at 50°C Pipe = Type 4 Class 10 petrol grade = 90 octane high altitude.

GR-5.23.2 Procedures for Maintaining Pipe-Type and Bottle-Type Holders in Safe Operating Condition... 

A pipe-type holder shall be designed, installed, and tested in accordance with the provisions of this Code applicable to a pipeline installed in the same location and operated at the same maximum pressure. 

PL-3.12.5 General Provisions Applicable to Both Pipe-Type and Bottle-Type Holders... 

The choice of size, shape, and type of electrode is based on economic considerations and is usually determined by the characteristics of the gas and suspended matter and by mechanical considerations such as flue arrangement, the available space, and previous experience with the electrodes on similar problems. The spacing between collecting electrodes in plate-type precipitators and the pipe diameter in pipe-type precipitators usually ranges from 15 to 38 cm (6 to 15 in). The smaller the spacing, the lower the necessary voltage and overall... 

Petrol permeation through HOPE pipe at 50°C Pipe=Type 4 Class 10 petrol 93 octane high altitude. 

When a number of such units are nested in a shell with. connections that permit the gas to enter at the bottom and emerge clean at the top, the system is called "pipe-type... 

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