Ash, incinerator

Scrap from municipal refuse may be in the form of source-separated steel cans, a mixed ferrous fraction, metal magnetically separated from mixed waste or incinerator ash, and C D debris. An ASTM specification (E1134-86) was developed in 1991 for source-separated steel cans. The Steel Recycling Institute has a descriptive steel can specification entitled "Steel Can Scrap Specifications". PubHshed standards for municipal ferrous scrap also include ASTM E701-80, which defines chemical and physical test methods, and ASTM E702-85 which covers the chemical and physical requirements of ferrous scrap for several scrap-consurning industries. 

Incinerator ash Residue from direct Most dumped As fill and for covering... 

Boiler scrubbing fluids, sludges and ash Incinerator ash Laboratory wastes... 

Los Alamos is processing a wide variety of residues, including Pu-Be neutron sources, polystyrene-Pu02-U02 blocks, incinerator ash, Pu-U alloys and oxides, Pu-Zr alloys and oxides, Pu-Np alloys and oxides, Pu-Th alloys and oxides, etc. Processes have been developed for these scrap items (see Figure 2), but we need to know more about Pu-Np separations Pu-Th separations oxalate precipitations for both plus 3 and plus 4 valences valence stabilization dissolution methods for high-fired impure oxides in-line alpha monitors to measure extremely low concentrations of Pu and Am in HNO3 solutions and solubility of various mixtures of Pu02 and UO2 under a variety of conditions. 

Dissolution. Plutonium is solubilized in nitric acid solutions at Rocky Flats. The feed material consists of oxide, metal and glass, dissolution heels, incinerator ash and sand, slag, and crucible from reduction operations. The residues are contacted with 12M HNO3 containing CaF2 or HF to hasten dissolution. Following dissolution, aluminum nitrate is added to these solutions to complex the excess fluoride ion. 

Complete dissolution of plutonium residues, especially high temperature calcined plutonium dioxide contained in residues such as incinerator ash, continues to cause problems, despite continued research since the Manhattan Project (9). Methods to improve the Rocky Flats system include the use of additives (e.g., cerium) and electrochemistry, other solvents (HCl-SnCl2) as well as high-temperature fusion methods (10). High pressure dissolution, HF preleaching, fluorination, and other methods are being investigated. 

Coal ash, coal fly ash, power station fly ash, incinerator ash, vehicle exhaust particulates, urban dust, atmospheric dust, metal smelter dust, welding dust, diesel particulates, particulates on filter media Sewage sludge, wastewater... 

Similar to Alternative 3 incinerator ash disposed in municipal landfill. If metals are present in Area 2, incinerator ash would be disposed in RCRA landfill. Incineration very reliable because material is... 

Carroll, G.J. and Oberacker, D.A., Characteristics of pilot- and full-scale hazardous waste incinerator ash, in Proceedings of the 1989 Incineration Conference, Knoxville, TN, 8.3.1-8.3.6, 1989. 

Dioxin-like compounds are known to be one of the most harmful persistent organic pollutants of the chlorine based compounds. Dioxins are repeatedly synthesized and decomposed by complicated mechanisms and temperature changes at different locations in municipal solid waste incineration processes and the final streams discharged are commonly exhaust gas and incineration ash. Dioxins in different discharge types and compositions of effluents could be affected by incineration conditions such as temperature, feeding and discharging methods and incinerator type [47]. 

Fig. 5a-c. A typical distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a atmospheric fallout sample, Alexandria City - Egypt b bottom incineration ash leachate of municipal solid waste - USA c hydrothermal petroleum, Escanaba Trough, NE Pacific Ocean. PAH Compound identifications N = naphthalene, MN = methylnaphthalene, DMN = dimethylnaphthalenes, P = phenanthrene, MP = methylphenanthrene, Fl = fluoranthene, Py = pyrene, BaAN = benzol anthracene, DH-Py = dihydropyrene, 2,3-BF = 2,3-benzofluorene, BFL = benzo[fc,/c]fluoranthene, BeP = benzo[e]pyrene, BaP = benzo[a]pyrene, Per = perylene, Cx-228 = methyl-228 series, Indeno = indeno[ l,2,3-c,d]pyrene, DBAN = dibenz[a,/z]anthracene, BPer = benzo[g,/z,z] perylene, AAN = anthanthrene, DBTH = dibenzothiophene, Cor = coronene, DBP = dibenzo [a,e]pyrene, DBPer = dibenzo [g,h,i] perylene... 

Terra-Vit was evaluated in a pilot-scale treatability study at the Recomp of Washington site in Ferndale, Washington. During this study. Terra-Vit was used to process 2 tons of municipal incinerator ash containing barium, cadmium, and lead. Treatment costs were reported to be 52 per ton (D10028N, p. 11 D213445). 

Polyethylene is an organic polymer with an amorphous crystalline structure, formed by the polymerization of ethylene gas. A low-density polyethylene with a processing temperature of 130 to 150°C has been evaluated in bench-scale and full-scale tests as a final waste form for evaporator concentrates, sludges, blowdown solutions, incinerator ash, and ion exchange resins. 

TABLE 1 Vendor-Supplied Cost Estimates in Dollars/Ton for Envitco Treatment of Incinerator Ash... 

RocTec stabilization is a process to transform incinerator ash and other materials into small briquettes, which are then sintered to increase their strength, make them leach resistant, and reduce their volume. A ceramic stabilization process, it is applicable for metal oxide matrices containing metals designated as toxic under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act... 

RCRA) and/or nuclear materials. It can be applied to several types of contaminated matrices including soil, sludge, and incinerator ash. 

Achieves high waste loadings (greater than 20% waste metal or 50% incinerator ash). Allows for treatment of a wide range of toxic metals. 

The plasma energy recycle and conversion (PERC) process is an indirectly heated ex situ thermal recycling and conversion technology. According to the vendor, it treats hazardous waste, mixed radioactive waste, medical waste, municipal solid waste, radioactive waste, environmental restoration wastes, and incinerator ash in gaseous, hquid, slurry, or solid form. The technology uses an induction-coupled plasma (ICP) torch as its heat source coupled to a reaction chamber system to destroy hazardous materials. 

The transportable vitrification system (TVS) is a large-scale, fully integrated ex sim vitrification system that treats low-level and mixed wastes in the form of sludges, soils, incinerator ash, and many other waste streams. The unit is designed to be transportable and easily decontaminated. Slurried or dry feed is mixed with glass formers, and the glass product is continuously poured into steel containers that are cooled, stored, and eventually disposed in low-level radioactive burial facilities. 

Lashtchenova, T. N., Lifanov, F. A. Stefanovsky, S. V. 1997. Incorporation of radon incinerator ash in glass and glass crystalline materials. Waste Management 97 Conference. Laser Options, Inc., Tucson, CD-ROM. 

Lashtchenova, T. N. Stefanovsky, S. V. 1998a. Immobilization of incinerator ash in Synroc-glass material. In Proceedings of the ITS International Conference on Incineration Thermal Treatment Technologies, Salt Lake City, 603-607. 

Stefanovsky, S., Lifanov, F. Ivanov, 1. 1992. Glass forms for incinerator ash immobilization. Proceedings of the XVI International Congress on Glass, Madrid, 3, 209-212. 

Hnat, J. G. Bartone, L. M. 1996. Recycling of boiler and incinerator ash into value added glass products. In Proceedings 17th Biennal Waste Processing Conference, ASME, 129-142. 

Hjelmar, O., Birch, H. Hansen, J. B. 2000a. Treatment of APC residues from MSW incinerators. In Dhir, R. K., Dyer, T. D. Paine, K. A. (eds) Sustainable Construction Use of Incinerator Ash. Thomas Telford Publishing, London, 185-194. 

Baur, I., Ludwig, C. Johnson, C. A. 2001. Leaching behaviour of cement-stabilized incinerator ashes A comparison of field and laboratory measurements. Environmental Science and Technology, 35, 2817-2822. 

Hydrological and geochemical factors controlling leachate composition in incinerator ash landfills... 

Johnson, C. A., Schaap, M. K. Abbaspour, K. 2001. Modelling of flow through a municipal solid waste incinerator ash landfill. Journal of Hydrology, 243, 55-72. 

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