Incidents voluntary

An analysis has been performed using case history data for oil transmission pipelines from the CONCAWE database (Lyons 2002). In the database spillages are reported for European cross-country oil pipelines since 1971. Most Dutch oil pipeline owners register their incidents voluntary. For the analysis... 

Product Utilization. The principal appHcation for chromium phosphate coatings is as a paint base for painted aluminum extmsions and aluminum beverage can stock. In these appHcations, extremely demanding performance criteria are met by the chromium phosphate conversion coatings. As an example, the Architectural Aluminum Manufacturer s Association Voluntary Specification 605.2-92 requires humidity and salt spray testing for 3000 hours and allows only minimal incidence of paint failure after testing (26). 

In addition to the CIR process the cosmetic industry has instituted a second, important, self-regulatory procedure the voluntary reporting of adverse reactions, which is intended to provide data on the type and incidence of adverse reactions noted by consumers or by their medical advisors. This reporting procedure creates early awareness of problems handled outside hospital emergency facilities or centers for acute poisoning. 

Our survey of the activities of the Government, industry and voluntary bodies in the control of pollution discloses several issues which need further enquiry. The first and most difficult of these is how to balance the considerations which determine the levels of public and private expenditure on pollution control. Some forms of pollution bear more heavily on society than others some forms are cheaper than others to control and the public are more willing to pay for some forms of pollution control than for others. There are also short and long-term considerations in the short-term the incidence of pollution control on individual industries or categories of labor may be heavy but. . . what may appear to be the cheapest policy in the short-term may prove in the long-term to have been a false economy. 

Sometimes you can use your legally mandated course of action to leverage a voluntary admission on the part of a client. If you remind the client that you are now bound to report the incident if she or he is not willing to seek help, then frequently the client will acquiesce and voluntarily seek help. Your responsibility is to make certain that the client actually follows through rather than simply feigning compliance. Obviously this outcome is preferred, since it helps to preserve the therapeutic alliance, whereas an involuntary commitment often harms your relationship with a client. 

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) A voluntary membership agency to promote fire safety and allied considerations. NFPA publishes standards of interest to hazardous materials responders such as, NFPA-471 Recommended Practice for Responding to Hazardous Materials Incidents, NFPA-472 Standard for Professional Competence of Responders to Hazardous Materials Incidents, and NFPA-473, Competencies for EMS Personnel Responding to Hazardous Materials Incidents. 

EPA ARIP Responses to questionnaires sent by EPA from facilities that have had significant releases purpose is to learn about causes and consequences of hazardous material incidents 1986-Present Supplements NRC reports for more significant events Additional information on causal factors, consequences, and company safety programs Data are easily analyzed for common causes Includes all states and localities Survey relies on voluntary compliance Not comprehensive limited to select cases Checklist approach limits value of information to understand root cause Not designed to be a lessons-leamed database... 

There are several reports of noteworthy extrapulmonary effects in laboratory animals with concentrations of about 0.2 ppm. These include reduced voluntary activity, chromosomal aberrations in circulating lymphocytes of hamsters, increased neonatal mortality, and greater incidence of jaw abnormalities in offspring of ozone-exposed mice. The mechanisms of these reported effects and whether th are due to direct actions of absorbed ozone, some secondary reaction product, or secondary responses to the stress of local actions in the lung are largely unknown. However, reported analogous effects in humans exposed to ozone, such as changes in visual acuity and headache (possibly related to the reduced activity in... 

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) has established a voluntary consensus standard for recording basic facts relating to the nature and occurrence of work injuries, ANSI Z16.2.( ) This standard has been in use for more than 30 years and provides a consistent baseline for many report formats. The standard focuses on injury to personnel and presents standard classification categories. If alternate codes are used in incident reports, special effort and notation must be made to avoid confusing the reader. 

Associated with sleep-loss-induced decreases in neurobehavioral functioning is an increased risk of and increased incidence of accidents. On-the-job and motor vehicle accidents have both been found to increase when individuals are sleep deprived. Although data are not consistently collected, it has been estimated that between 20% and 60% of single-vehicle motor accidents may be attributed to fatigue from sleep loss. While this includes sleep loss associated with working shiftwork and voluntary sleep loss, many of the individuals may experience sleep loss due to sleep and other medical disorders. Although the symptom of sleep disturbance with medical disorders is often recognized, the potential safety and public health impact may be overlooked. 

CHIRP (Confidential Human Factors Incident Reporting Programme) is a clear example of a successful voluntary near miss reporting system, run by the UK s RAF s Institute of Aviation Medicine. Each year about 200 pilots and air traffic controllers report to CHIRP, not anonymously but in complete confidence, about mistakes they have made in the air and why they believe they made them (Greene, 1990). 

Two informal analyses show that this level of voluntary reporting is probably adequate to get a proper insight into the RAP-incident root causes ... 

The incidence of new cases of first-ever TIA or stroke can only be reliably assessed in prospective population-based studies (Sudlow and Warlow 1996 Feigin et al. 2003 Rothwell et al. 2004) since hospital-based studies are subject to referral bias (Table 1.4). One of the most comprehensive population-based studies of stroke and TIA incidence is the Oxford Vascular Study, OXVASC, which has near-complete case ascertainment of all patients, irrespective of age, in a population of 91 000 defined by registration with nine general practices in Oxfordshire, UK (Coull et al 2004). This is in contrast to previous studies, such as the MONICA project and the Framingham study, which had an age cut-off at 65 or 75 years or relied on voluntary participation. 

HD is an autosomal dominant, late-onset neurodegenerative disorder with an incidence of about 1 in 10,000 in most populations of European origin. The disease is progressive and characterized by frequent involuntary, rapid movements (chorea) and dementia with a median survival time of 15 to 18 years after the onset of symptoms. The mean age of onset is in the decade between 35 and 44 years, but approximately 25% of patients first display symptoms after the age of 50, and about 10% of patients have juvenile HD with the age of onset before 20 years. In the first few years of the disease, symptoms include mood disturbances, cognitive deficits, clumsiness, and impairment of voluntary move-ment. The next stage of the disease is associated with... 

In an attempt to further reduce the number and effect of catastrophic chemical incidents, government regulatory a ndes have defined and enforced many of the dements of process safety put forth by the voluntary guidelines. Two influential regulations ate from OSHA and EPA. 

Figure 119.5 Incidence rates of overt hyperthyroidism before and after iodine fortification (IF) of salt. The incidence rate of hyperthyroidism in Aalborg (moderate ID) and Copenhagen (mild ID) before and after the first 6 years of IF of salt. Basic is the time before IF of salt (1997-1998), 1999-2000 is the period of voluntary IF, 2001-2002 is the early, and 2003-2004 is the late period of mandatory IF. The incidence of hyperthyroidism increased significantly in both subcohorts during the study period. In Aalborg, the increase was more pronounced and came before the increase in Copenhagen. Aalborg baseline vs. voluntary IF, P< 0.001 voluntary IF vs. early mandatory IF, P s 0.001 early vs. late mandatory IF, ns. Copenhagen baseline vs. voluntary IF, ns voluntary IF vs. early mandatory IF, P s 0.001 early vs. late mandatory IF, ns. Statistical significance compared with baseline, P < 0.05 P s 0.01 P s 0.001. Data from Pedersen et al., (2006).

The lack of adverse incident reporting at the start of this journey has meant that evidence of improvements in patient safety is hard to come by but progress to date has largely been slow. There have been some developments in a number of specific areas where focussed risk reduction have been implemented [18, 19]. However a report in 2011 suggested that, voluntary reporting data aside, up to one third of hospital patients still experienced an adverse medical event [20]. 

Adverse Events. The Safe Medical Devices Act of 1990 included a provision by which both users and manufacturers (and distributors) of medical devices are required to report adverse patient events that may be related to a medical device. Manufacturers must report to the FDA if a device (a) may have caused or contributed to a death or serious injury, or (b) malfunctioned in such a way as would be likely to cause or contribute to a death or serious injury if the malfunction were to reoccur. Device users are required to notify the device manufacturer of reportable incidents, and must also notify the FDA in case of a device-related death. In addition, the FDA established a voluntary program for reporting device problems that may not have caused an untoward patient event, but which may have the potential for such an occurrence under altered circumstances. 

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