Voluntary programs

Although these professional-use-only products do not require ingredient labeling, the cosmetics industry has developed a program to voluntarily Hst the components of professional products. However, under this voluntary program, the ingredients are Hsted in alphabetical order rather than descending order. This has been done to make it easier for the professional hairdresser to locate a specific compound that may be of interest. 

Iodized Salt. Iodized table salt has been used to provide supplemental iodine to the U.S. population since 1924, when producers, in cooperation with the Michigan State Medical Society (24), began a voluntary program of salt iodization in Michigan that ultimately led to the elimination of iodine deficiency in the United States. More than 50% of the table salt sold in the United States is iodized. Potassium iodide in table salt at levels of 0.006% to 0.01% KI is one of two sources of iodine for food-grade salt approved by the U.S. Food and Dmg Administration. The other, cuprous iodide, is not used by U.S. salt producers. Iodine may be added to a food so that the daily intake does not exceed 225 p.g for adults and children over four years of age. Potassium iodide is unstable under conditions of extreme moisture and temperature, particularly in an acid environment. Sodium carbonate or sodium bicarbonate is added to increase alkalinity, and sodium thiosulfate or dextrose is added to stabilize potassium iodide. Without a stabilizer, potassium iodide is oxidized to iodine and lost by volatilization from the product. Potassium iodate, far more stable than potassium iodide, is widely used in other parts of the world, but is not approved for use in the United States. 

Waste Reduction. In 1991, EPA started a voluntary program for industrial plants to reduce releases and off-site transfers of 17 specific chemicals, including... 

Is your company a member of any of the EPA s voluntary programs on P2 or energy efficiency If not, does management know about these programs and the possible benefits ... 

Although the pediatric exclusivity provisions of the FDAMA, and the BPCA, represent a voluntary program, they have proved to be the first successful stimulus to the conduct of pediatric studies. 

In 1984, the FDA welcomed a voluntary program, adopted by the Proprietary Association, now the Consumer Health Products Association, to identify on the product label the inactive ingredients used in OTC drug products (21). The listing of these ingredients was on an alphabetical basis instead of in the descending order of predominance. 

Harvested grapes are delivered to the wineries within a few hours after harvesting to ensure that the fruit is in sound condition. The wine industry, recognizing the importance of sound fruit in winemaking, instituted a wine grape inspection program with the State of California. This voluntary program was initiated in 1957. 

Perhaps the most compelling statistic is that between 1990 and 2000, methane emissions from natural gas operations decreased even though natural gas consumption increased (Table G-2). Clearly, improvements are being made to reduce losses from natural gas operations. For example, the EPA says that a voluntary program with industry, the Natural Gas STAR Program,13 has reduced methane emissions by 216 billion cubic feet (Bcf) since its inception in 1993. 

ChemFed Strengthening the capacity of CEE Chemical Industry Federations, prepare for EU enlargment, promote voluntary programs such as Responsible Care CEFIC, national federations of EU countries, CEE chemical federations, EU Commission (funding)... 

The EPA is also investigating the use of voluntary means to reduce effluent. One such voluntary program is the Industrial Toxics Project, aimed at reducing environmental releases of 17 high-risk chemicals. This initiative is more frequently... 

The Medication Error Reporting Program (MERP) is a voluntary program administered by the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP) in conjxmction with the ISMP. This confidential reporting system improves patient safety by alerting practitioners and the industry to potential or actual problems. Practitioners are asked to report errors and near misses to this program so that others learn from errors and prevent similar errors in the future. 

The Labor Department agency employs three strategies to promote safety and health in American workplaces strong, fair, and effective enforcement outreach, education, and compliance assistance and cooperative and voluntary programs. 

The other attitude found frequently among financial analysts is the belief that voluntary programs have effectively reduced many of the risks associated with social and environmental issues in the chemical industry. There are obviously ways in which this is true of programs such as Responsible Care , but it is by no means true of all the risks and opportunities of all chemical companies at all times. 

REGULATORY STANDARDS, CONSENSUS STANDARDS, AND VOLUNTARY PROGRAMS... 

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