Impact Vulnerability

This method determines the capability of a tested expletive, filled in an aluminum tube, to withstand the impact of a driving metal plate having a velocity of 122 7 m/s. Such a velocity of the metal plate is obtained using a special propulsion charge made of low-bulk-density nitrpguanidine. 

The steel plate that impacts the explosive charge is made of steel of a defined quality. It is heat treated to a hardness of 28-31 Rockwell C, is 50.8 mm in diameter, and 19.05 mm high. 

The propulsion charge should be sufficient to propel the steel plate at a velocity of 122 7 m/s. It is made of nitroguanidine, v4iose density is 0.685 

The nitroguanidine is filled into the cardboard tube in four portions, each portion having a mass of 70.5 g. Such a mass shtnild ensure the required velocity of the steel plate. However, means of previously performed measure- 

Nitroguanidine is initiated by a booster 50.8 mm in diameter and 12.7 mm in height. The booster is made of tetryl pressed at 1115 kp/cm.  

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An explosive is considered to have satisfied the impact vulnerability test if no initiations of the tested explosive are caused in 20 consecutive trials. 

Figure 3. Impact/vulnerability modelling (links between H T and infrastrueture assets).

Haines, A., et al., 2006. Climate change and human health impacts, vulnerability and public health. Public Health 120 (7), 585-596. 

There is another interesting difference between the two irons. Ni-Hard (nominally 1 A Cr, 4 A Ni, 3C) has a matrix of the iron carbide that suiTounds the areas of the steel constituent. This brittle matrix provides a continuous path if a crack should start thus the alloy is vulnerable to impact and is weak in tension. In contrast, HC 250 (nominally 25 Cr, 2 AC) has the steel portion as the matrix that contains island crystals of chromium carbide. As the matrix is tougher. HC 250 has more resistance to impact and the tensile strength is about twice as high as that of Ni-Hard. jMoreover, by a suitable annealing treatment the... 

The incidence of aircraft impacts may be significantly higher in certain areas (e g., in the vicinity or airports). The aircraft crash hazard is site specific and tlie failure is strongly dependent on the kinetic energy of tlie aircraft. Two types of data are needed to analyze for aircraft impact the aircraft crash rate in tlie site vicinity (per unit area per year) and tlie effective target area of tlie vulnerable item. Crash rates for different categories of aircraft can be obtained from state and national autliorities (e.g., FAA). The proximity of the site to airfields must be taken into account because crashes are much more frequent witliin a radius of approximately 3 miles. 

IPCC (1998). "The Regional Impacts of Climate Change An Assessment of Vulnerability" (R. T. Watson et al, eds). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 

IPCC (2007) Climate change 2007 impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Working Group II. Fourth Assessment Report, UNEP... 

For systems with regulatory impact, a numerical exercise is then conducted to prioritize the validation activities. This prioritization considers all of the following system criticality, industry distribution of the software, regulatory experience, and the vulnerability at downtime. The numerical rating facilitates prioritization of validation efforts utilizing limited resources. The numerical priority ranking of each system with regulatory impact can then be compared with other systems to identify the order in which to address the various activities. 

Groundwater vulnerability maps, based on a regional assessment using an index-based system, can be used as a screening tool to rapidly assess the relative scale of impacts arising from pressures. They may be useful for assessing whether ground-water bodies are at risk from pollution sources at initial characterisation. 

The effect of diet on vulnerability to lead makes interpretation of published information on experimental lead poisoning in waterfowl extremely difficult (Chasko et al. 1984). For example, many mallards on a diet of com die within 10 to 14 days after ingesting a single lead shot, whereas similar birds on a balanced commercial duck ration appear outwardly normal after ingesting as many as 32 pellets of the same size (Wobeser 1981). Also, multiple nutritional deficiencies may have additional effects in potentiating the toxicity of lead in mallards (Carlson and Nielsen 1985). Under conditions of reduced dietary calcium availability, such as can occur in acid-impacted environments, birds risk increased uptake of lead (and other metals) and may accumulate toxic concentrations more rapidly (Scheuhammer 1996). Enhanced accumulation of lead was accompanied by an increased synthesis of metallothioneins and a greater inhibition of ALAD activity (Scheuhammer 1996). 

Several catastrophic fire incidents in the petroleum industry have been the result of the facility firewater pumps being directly affected by the initial effects of the incident. The cause of these impacts has been mainly due to the siting of the fire pumps in vulnerable locations without adequate protection measures from the probable incident and the unavailability or provision of other backup water sources. A single point failure analysis of firewater distribution systems is an effective analysis that can be performed to identify where design deficiencies may exist. For all high risk locations, fire water supplies should be available from several remotely located sources that are totally independent of each and utility systems which are required for support. 

Floating vessels for offshore operations offer reduced installation costs but also present additional vulnerability factors. All floating structures must ensure buoyancy integrity is maintained otherwise the vessel may sink with catastrophic results. Similarly propulsion are provided at some installations to provided position stability. All major vessels are required by insurance requirements and most marine regulations to maintain buoyancy systems and loss of position stability will impact ongoing operations. Both of these systems can therefore be considered critical support systems and must be evaluated for risk and loss control measures either thorough duplication and protection measures or a combination of both. 

Subsea pipeline emergency isolation valves for offshore facilities are provided where a risk analysis indicated topside isolation may be considered vulnerable. They should be protected from ship impacts, anchor dragging, flammable liquid spills and heavy objects that may be dropped from the offshore facility. 

Other failures of pipelines generally occur as a result of third party activity and natural hazards. Offshore, pipelines are generally more susceptible to fishing boats dragging their anchors on the seabed. Onshore pipelines are vulnerable to impacts from earth moving operations for construction or road grading. On occasion impacts from mobile equipment may also directly strike and damage the pipeline. 

I mentioned three factors in federal law which impact on this disclosure problem. The first is that the Freedom of Information Act makes it difficult to withhold information. It does this both by an uncertain standard of confidentiality, and by the omission of the procedural protection which comes with all other kinds of adjudicative decisions by federal agencies. The courts rewrote the Freedom of Information Act s original intent in the 1974 National Parks v. Morton decision. Since that time, each submission to an agency has been vulnerable to disclosure if the owner fails to carry a rather difficult burden of proof That disclosure would cause substantial harm to competitive position at the time the disclosure is made. Assume that the owner of a secret catalyst had a market share of 10 in specialty fatty acids for rubber production, and filed the catalyst information with the EPA on April 1, 1982. When the request for disclosure comes in November 1983, what will the firm s market position be then, and how much would this... 

This type of constructive impact of TSCA was viewed somewhat differently by Exxon Chemical Company s C.W. Umland. His review of nearly three years of premanufacturing notification cited evidence which suggests substantial disruption of new chemical development and introduction to the market. This disruption was traced to higher research and development costs at an economically vulnerable point in the life cycle of innovative products. A more appropriate balance between opportunity for economic viability and protection from unreasonable... 

Primary energy supply is a key issue for any new transportation fuel. Constraints on domestic resources and production of petroleum have led to increasing levels of imports. An important policy driver for alternative fuels for transportation in the USA is that they will alleviate some of the issues surrounding dependence and economic vulnerability related to petroleum imports, especially from politically unstable parts of the world. This raises some important questions for hydrogen as a future alternative fuel will the USA have the resources to produce hydrogen for vehicles at low cost and with low environmental impact ... 

IPCC (2007). Climate Change 2007. Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Working Group II Contribution to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 4th Assessment Report. Summary for Policymakers. Geneva. 

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