Immunophenotypes

The polyclonal anti pan-cathedrin antibody selectively decorated alveolar macrophages, type I pneu-mocytes, and endothelial cells of large blood vessels (Kasper et al. 1996). 

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Immunophenotyping by flow cytometry has taken on an increasingly important role in the diagnosis of leukemia. Owing to the ease of application, sensitivity, and quantifiable results, flow cytometry is the preferred method for lineage assignment.7 This approach takes advantage of the development of monoclonal antibodies... 

TABLE 92-3. Morphologic (FAB) Classification and Immunophenotype of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia... 

Immunophenotype The process of identification and quantitation of cellular antigens through fluorochrome-labeled monoclonal antibodies. 

Follow-on studies are also recommended as needed. These include determination of potential test article effects on blood or tissue immunophenotypes (by flow cytometry or immunohistochemistry), natural killer cell, macrophage, or neutrophil function, host resistance to infection or tumors, and cell-mediated immunity. The important issue in all of these guidelines is this do not ignore signs of immunotoxicity, and assess these findings when observed. 

While changes in cell phenotypes have proved useful in some settings to characterize the immunotoxicity of xenobiotics,1 phenotypic analysis alone is often not a sensitive indicator of low dose immunotoxicity for many agents that alter immune function. Xenobiotics that exert selective toxicity on lymphoid and myeloid cells may be discovered through immunophenotypic analysis. However, most agents produce immunotoxicity at doses much lower than those required to produce cytotoxicity or interfere with primary lymphoid organ differentiation. Some of the most potent immunosuppressive chemicals that have been tested, such as cyclosporine A, do not alter immunophenotype at doses that are immunosuppressive. On the other hand, when phenotyping is linked to assessment of functional parameters of the cells, immunotoxic effects are more likely to be identified. 

Selected Markers for Immunophenotyping Peripheral Blood, Spleen Cells, Lymph Nodes, or Bone Marrow... 

Morioka, Y., et al. Immunophenotypic and ultrastructural heterogeneity of macrophage differentiation in bone marrow and fetal hematopoiesis of mouse in vitro and in vivo, J. Leukoc. Biol., 55, 642, 1994. 

Immunophenotyping Phagocytosis Respiratory burst NK cell activity Lymphocyte proliferation CD45R expression IL-2R expression 62-integrin Immunoglobulins Cytokines Immunogenetics... 

Schwartz, J. et al., The development of methods for immunophenotypic and lymphocyte function analyses for assessment of Southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) health, Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol., 104, 1, 2005. 

Jaber, J.R. et al., Immunophenotypic characterization of hepatic inflammatory cell infiltrates in common dolphins (Delphinus delphis), J. Comp. Pathol., 129, 226, 2003. 

Absolute values for transporter abundance (Bmax) have been obtained with this assay by using fluorescent calibration beads to convert fluorescence signals to MESF (Wiley et al., 1994), or by calibrating the assay with a standard cell population in which Bma was determined by radioligand binding (Gati et al., 1997). Figure 13-4 illustrates an extension of the SAENTA-fiuorescein assay in which the correlation of es transporter content with the expression of immunophenotypic markers was tested in a clinical sample. 

Lyons AB, Samuel K, Sanderson A, Maddy AH. 1992. Simultaneous analysis of immunophenotype and apoptosis of murine thymocytes by single laser flow cytometry. Cytometry 13 809-821. 

Optional additional in-life parameters Clinical pathology immunophenotyping, fetal heart rate fetal morphometry (see Chapter 15). 

Optional additional in-life parameters clinical pathology immunophenotyping. 

Body weight External examination Grip strength Immunophenotyping Clinical pathology Milk sampling Toxicokinetics... 

Training for fine motor test Immunophenotyping Clinical pathology Mother-infant interaction Body weight External examination... 

Blood collection (KLH) Immunophenotyping Clinical pathology Toxicokinetics... 

Although it has been proven disadvantageous to shorten maintenance treatment, whether or not extended maintenance of up to 3 years is offering any beneficial effect in the context of different treatment strategies remains to be evaluated, particularly in males patients. Other issues that must be resolved in the future include differences in requirements for maintenance therapy in specific childhood ALL patient subsets (e.g., those defined immunophenotypically or genetically). These questions are still under investigation. 

Ciudad J, San Miguel JF, Lopez-Berges MC et al. Prognostic value of immunophenotypic detection of minimal residual disease in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 1998 16 3774-3781. 

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