External examination

The external characters, namely, the colour, brilliancy, smell and taste, are noted as soon as the bottle is opened, the most suitable temperature being 150 C. for white wines and 170 for red ones. If carbon dioxide is 

Note is made of the colour—white or red—and of its intensity, which (with vins de coupage ) may be measured (see 12). 

The brilliancy, which is estimated by looking through a layer of the wine of suitable thickness, indicates if the wine is sound and has kept well. If the sample is turbid, it is left for some time and then decanted or filtered before analysis in many cases it may be advisable to examine the deposit microscopically. 

As regards the odour, abnormality often furnishes useful indications of alterations or adulterations to which the wine has been subjected (e.g., the smell of vinegar, sulphur dioxide, etc.). 

The wine is tasted to ascertain if it is sweet or dry, and if there is any abnormality of taste indicative of alteration or adulteration. Thus, the alcoholic taste may not harmonise with the quality of the wine, or there may be acidity caused by souring of the wine, harshness due to tannin, a flavour from the lees or cask or from carbon dioxide, abnormal sweetness, a taste of sulphur dioxide, etc. 

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For all the options described above, effects on male and female fertility can be evaluated separately by conducting separate studies in which only one sex is treated. The treatment periods are the same, but the treated animals are cohabited with untreated animals of the opposite sex. In the male fertility study, the untreated females are terminated after the middle of gestation and terminal observations include embryo survival and possibly external examination of fetuses (if terminated at the end of gestation) (Tanimura, 1990). The advantage of conducting separate male and female studies is that, if there are effects, is it clear which sex was affected by treatment. Often when effects are seen in a combined male and female study, additional work is required to resolve which sex was affected. Either a second cohabitation of the treated males with untreated females is added or studies with only one sex treated must then be conducted. 

When performing external examination, special attention should be paid to positional anomalies of the limbs, since this is sometimes more complicated in fixed specimens, as well as subcutaneous hemorrhages, which can easily be induced during the further process of preparation. For ethical reasons, fetuses should be humanely killed as soon as possible after preparation ftom the uterus (e.g., by careful i.p. injection of 0.1 ml pentobarbitone). In general, care should be taken not to damage the fetuses. 

For most substances, however, a preliminary study is advisable to avoid the use of inappropriate (i.e., either too high or too low) dose levels. The design would be as described below for a main study but with typically five or six animals per dose level and fetal evaluation restricted to an external examination and weight. Sexing of fetuses is not needed, although many laboratories will sex fetuses as routine. 

Historical control data for embryo-fetal studies at Ricerca Biosciences with CrI OFA SD Rat fetal external examination... 

External examination Body weight External examination Body weight External examination Morphological examination... 

Body weight External examination Grip strength Immunophenotyping Clinical pathology Milk sampling Toxicokinetics... 

Body weight External examination Blood collection (KLH)... 

Following a gross external examination, all fetuses of non-rodent species, including the rabbit and minipig, are submitted to a fresh soft tissue examination by microdissection, after removal of the heads from half of the litter for serial sectioning. 

In the cases where only dose range-finding studies were performed and gave positive results, the routine external examination of the fetuses was supplemented with a detail fresh internal examination for rabbits, or fixed visceral and/or skeletal examinations for rats. These dose range-finding studies were thus sufficiently sensitive to detect strong teratogens. 

An assessment is always an external examination carried out by a laboratory accreditation body such as UKAS (see Section 5.2). It includes all of the elements of an audit, i.e. an in depth check that the quality system as documented is implemented and in operation. In addition, it involves a technical assessment of the laboratory to confirm that staff are qualified and competent and that the procedures being used for testing are fit for the intended purpose and able to achieve the level of performance claimed by the laboratory. 

For routine examinations most clinicians dilate patients pupils only after most other examination procedures have been performed. Complete ocular and medical histories, visual acuities, external examination, pupillary examination, refraction, biomicroscopy, tonometry, and other routine evaluations precede instilling the mydriatic (Figure 20-1). This approach ensures that dilation does not interfere with the refraction, assessment of accommodation or binocularity, or any other refractive finding. In addition, the predilation examination procedures allow the clinician to identify any cautions or contraindications to dilation. In most routine cases ophthalmoscopy or fundus biomicroscopy is the only procedure remaining after dilation. After drops have been instilled for dilation, the patient may proceed to the reception area, the dilation room, or the dispensary for spectacle frame selection while the pupils dilate. While the patient s pupils dilate, the practitioner can examine the next scheduled patient. In 20 to 30 minutes, after all procedures except dilation have been performed on the second patient and the mydriatic drops instilled, the first... 

External examination reveals erythema and swelling of the affected skin areas. Slit-lamp examination reveals diffuse conjunctival injection and pimctate epithelial erosions of the cornea with corresponding NaFl staining. If the epithelial lesions are extensive and if lacrimation is profuse, corneal edema also may be noted. 

Most often, patients with posterior uveitis display no external signs of inflammation. Ocular motility is rarely compromised. In cases of extensive unilateral involvement of the retina or optic nerve, a relative afferent pupillary defect may be noted otherwise, the external examination is entirely normal. 

External examination of gum arabic which has not been artificially powdered. 

Professor Cremlyn was awarded the DSc degree by the University of Wales in 1981, and has acted as External Examiner for the BSc degree in Agricultural Chemistry at Wye College (London University) and for numerous PhD degrees at Universities and Polytechnics. 

Professor Cairns has been external examiner at Strathclyde, Liverpool and Aberdeen Schools of Pharmacy and has authored over 50 peer reviewed research papers. 

His observations on practices of science education are still valid at least in Mauritius where the access to secondary and tertiary education is controlled by a system of external examinations. 

Presently most of the practical assessment work is done by external examiners. However this form of assessment of practical work has the following disadvantages ... 

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