Large Blood Vessels

These polyphenolics such as anthocyanins and flavonoids might also act as the beneficial in vivo inhibitors of LDL oxidation [32], 

The red wines have an abundance of anthocyanins such as delphini-din 3-0-/i-L)-glucosidc, petunidin 3-0-/ -D-glucoside, malvidin 3-0-/3-D-glucoside, and cyanidin 3-0-/J-o-glucosidc from grape skins [33,34], These anthocyanins also might have antioxidant activity against the oxidation of LDL [11]. 

Anthocyanins of the plant pigments such as elphinidin 3- O-fi-o-glucoside and cyanidin 3-0-/i-o-glucosidc could be apparently supplied from the fruits, vegetables and other plants including the red wines [35,36]. 

The phenolic antioxidant activity in the corn oil emulsions of 17 selected Spanish wines and two Californian wines was examined for their preventive capability for lipid oxidation as dietary antioxidants. The inhibition of hydroperoxide formation [measured as percent of control for 10 iM gallic acid equivalents (GAE)] was increased from 8.4 to 40.2% in the presence of the red wines, from 20.9 to 45.8% with the rose wines, and from 6.5 to 47.0% with the white wines. The inhibition of hydroperoxide formation at 20 xM GAE was increased from 11.9 to 34.1% in the presence of red wines, from 0.1 to 34.5% with the rose wines, and from 3.3 to 37.2% with the white wines. The inhibition of the hexanal formation at 10 (jlM GAE was increased from 23.6 to 64.4% in the presence of red wines, from 42.7 to 68.5% with the rose wines, and from 28.4 to 68.8% with the white wines. Moreover, the inhibition of the hexanal formation at 20 xM GAE was increased from 33.0 to 46.3% in the presence of red wines, from 11.3 to 66.5% with the rose wines, and from - 16.7 to + 21.0% with the white wines. The antioxidant effect declined apparently with increasing concentration. The antioxidant activity might be ascribed to the five main groups of phenolics identified in the wines benzoic acids, anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols, flavonols, and hexanal [38]. 

A red wine and other plant-derived polyphenolics induced endothelial NO-dependent relaxation in thoracic aorta from male Wistar rats. 

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Location Attached to bones openings of some hollow organs (sphincters) Large blood vessels eyes hair follicles Walls of hollow organs of digestive, reproductive, and urinary tracts small blood vessels... 

Multiunit smooth muscle is located in the large blood vessels, eyes (iris and ciliary muscle of the lens), and piloerector muscles at the base of hair follicles. This type of muscle consists of discrete smooth muscle cells or units that function independently. Each of these units is innervated by the... 

Elastin is present in large blood vessels and tendons, and its function is to be elastic. 

Q5 Changes to large blood vessels occur in poorly controlled diabetes. Outline these changes and comment on their effect on a patient s risk of cardiovascular disease. 

There, also, is interest in dietary monounsaturated fatty acids because of their possible protective effect against oxidation of LDL cholesterol (101). There is appreciable evidence that the uptake of LDL cholesterol and the formation of fatty streaks in the intima of large blood vessels, which is considered an early lesion of atherosclerosis, is enhanced by the oxidation of the LDL cholesterol (102, 103). LDL cholesterol was found to be appreciably more stable to oxidation when subjects were fed diets rich in oleic acid than when fed linoleic acid enriched diets (104-106). 

Gumkowski, R, Kaminska, G., Kaminski, M., Morissey, L. and Auerbach, R. (1987). Heterogeneity of mouse vascular endothelium in vitro studies of lymphatic, large blood vessel and microvascular endothelial cells. Blood Vessels 24, 11-23. 

Finally, the PRF method was used to measure temperature distributions in phantoms mimicking the effect of counter-current flow in large blood vessels.This effect can produce heterogeneous temperature distributions in vivo, even from spatially homogeneous heating sources. Experimental results agreed well with numerical simulations. 

T. J. Pedley, The Fluid Mechanics of the Large Blood Vessels (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1980) R. Skalak, N. Ozkaya and T. C. Skalak, Biofluid mechanics, Annual Rev. Fluid Mech. 21, 167-204 (1989). 

Based largely on analogy to g riated muscle, it has become a dogma that the major site of Ca sequestration and transport in smooth muscle is in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The best positive evidence for this consists of studies by electron probe of rapidly frozen muscles (52,53,57) so far only larg blood vessels of guinea pig have been studied and in them Ca was reposed to be accumulate in ER under conditions when intracellular Ca was increased by K -depolarization and even in relaxed muscle. This method has important limitations it would not... 

Terfenadine, like other antihistamines, compete with histamine for histamine Hj-receptor sites on the smooth muscle of the bronchi, GI tract, uterus, and large blood vessels. By binding to cellular receptors, they prevent access of histamine and suppress histamine-induced allergic symptoms, even though they do not prevent its release. 

Vora M, Romero LI, Karasek MA Interleukin-10 induces E-selectin on small and large blood vessel endothelial cells. J Exp Med 1996 184 821-829... 

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