Cellular antigen

Immunophenotype The process of identification and quantitation of cellular antigens through fluorochrome-labeled monoclonal antibodies. 

The immobilisation of proteins into inorganic mesoporous host materials has attracted considerable attention due to the potential applications in biochemical, biomedical, industrial and bio-analytical fields [1] Biocompatible supports endowed with fluorescent tracers and adequately modified for specific interactions with cellular antigens are an amenable tool for image in living cells processes that are relevant to diseases. 

Reflection contrast Reflection-imaging microscopy Field ion microscopy Quantification in gap between light and em microscopies Useful for imaging highly reflective particles such as silver grains in autoradiographs Atomic structure of crystals Immunoelectron Localization of cellular antigens... 

The specificity of antibodies can be exploited in order to probe the in situ organization of cells and tissues. Cellular antigens can be identified both in viable cells and in frozen or fixed tissue sections. Antibodies are used to identify the appropriate antigen in the section and then the position of this primary antibody may itself be detected either directly if it was initially labelled or indirectly using another secondary antibody or molecule to attach to the antibody (Figure 7.8). Samples need to be carefully washed after addition of the primary or labelled antibody in order to prevent any non-specific reactions. Labels that have been successfully linked to antibodies include the following ... 

Geng, T., Kim, K. P., Gomez, R., Sherman, D. M., Bashir, R., Ladisch, M. R., and Bhunia, A. K. (2003). Expression of cellular antigens of Listeria monocytogenes that react with monoclonal antibodies C11E9 and EM-7G1 under acid-, salt- or temperature-induced stress environments. /. Afpl. Microbiol. 95, 762-772. 

Described here is an indirect method for detecting two different cellular antigens in acetone-fixed tissue, using a rabbit polyclonal antibody, and a murine monoclonal antibody on the same section. One secondary antispecies antibody is conjugated with alkaline phosphatase, the other with peroxidase, thus resulting in two differently colored products showing the localization of the two antigens (Fig. 1). 

Bauer, D.C. Stavitsky, A.B. (1961). On the different molecular forms of antibody synthesized by rabbits during the early response to a single injection of protein and cellular antigens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 47,1667-1680. 

In 1942 Coons et al. described an immunofluorescence technique for detecting cellular antigens in tissue sections [15].This method utilized a fluorescent label bound to the primary antibody to localize the target antigen. In this case the fluorescent label was the detection method. The use of an immunoenzyme approach to detect binding of the primary antibody was introduced a quarter of a century later [16] with the introduction of peroxidase-labeled antibodies. 

Monoclonal Antibodies and Large Proteins. Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) that target cellular antigens can be labeled... 

Fluorescently labelled antibodies can be used to visualise cellular or subcellular structures. This is done by incubating antibodies against specific cellular antigens with frozen or fixed tissues sections, or even permeabilised cells (Javois 1994). Unbound antibodies are removed by washing, and then a second anti-immunoglobulin antibody coupled to a fluorescent group, such as fluorescein or rhodamine, is added to the preparation. The sample is washed free of excess fluorescent antibody and visualised using a fluorescence microscope. 

Cote RJ, Morrissey DM, Houghtone AN, Beattie EJ, Oettgen HE, Old LJ. Generation of human monoclonal antibodies reactive with cellular antigens. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1983 80 202 30. 

Avidin-Biotin Labeling of Cellular Antigens in Cryostat-Sectioned Tissue... 

Antibodies to the Ro(SSA) cellular antigen (244,397) and circulating cryoglobulins (244) are risk factors for adverse reactions to penicillamine. AntiRo (SSA) antibodies characterize a distinct group of patients with rheumatoid arthritis who are almost exclusively female, express more activated B cell function, have a high prevalence of Sjogren s features, and commonly develop adverse reactions to penicillamine. Rashes and febrile reactions were especially associated with anti-Ro(SSA) antibodies, and renal pathology was more frequent in men (244). 

Moutsopoulos HM,Giotaki H, Maddison PJ, Mavridis AK, DrososAA, Skopouli FN. Antibodies to cellular antigens in Greek patients with autoimmune diseases anti-Ro(SSA) antibody a possible marker of D-penicillamine intolerance. Ann Rheum Dis 1984 43 285-287. 

An aldol route was rather adopted by Kishi [139,140] for the construction of the central unit of trimer analogs 346-353 of the type 11(H) cellular antigen trisaccharide a-L-Fuc-(1 2)-... 

Cellular Antigen From a Pathogen. The surface anti-... 

Cellular antigens, in vaccine production. 207 Cellular immunity. 200 Cellular lettnol-btnding protein (CRBP). 869 Ccloniin. See Methsuximide Cenestin. See Bstrogen(s)... 

Weir EE, Pretlow TG, Pitts A. Destruction of endogenous peroxidase activity in order to locate cellular antigens by peroxidase-labeled antibodies. J Histochem Cytochem. 1974 22 51. 

Complement system. A group of serum proteins with the capacity to interact with each other when activated. The chain reaction of the activated complement components results in formation of a lytic complex and several biologically active peptides of low molecular weight (anaphylatoxins). The system can be activated by antigen-antibody complexes (classical pathway) and by other components, e.g. bacteria (alternative pathway). As an effector mechanism of the humoral immune response, the activated complement system facilitates opsonization, phagocytosis, and lysis of cellular antigens. Some defects in components of complement are associated with autoimmune diseases (see complement deficiency). 

The defined linkage of various molecules to ODN, which was described for MIDGE vectors (see Section 7.2.3.5), will give rise to modified dSLIM molecules that currently are under development. For example, the coupHng of defined peptides to dSLIM will generate new molecular compounds which are expected to hold specific and improved properties such as enhancement of cellular antigen presentation. 

An optical fiber probe has been used to both excite and collect fluorescence from a suspension of cells [SI]. The conHguration of the probe in the flow cytometer is such that one or a few cells are sensed at a time, with a convenient cell concentration. With fluorescently labelled antibodies to cellular antigens, the fiber cytometer is able to identify the presence of a specific set of cells with high sensitivity. 

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