Identify Options

Identify key interests Identify and sohcit involvement from key interests who will be involved in the decision-making and affected by actions resulting from it. 

Risk mcnagement strategies Identify and determine which risks are important to deal with and what key strategic decisions must be made to avoid/eliminate, reduce, transfer or retain risks. 

Risk management measures - options generation Identify choices available to the decision makers and factors that will influence the decisions and risk factors, as decisions are rarely based on one single factor alone. 

Select methods and tools Select the appropriate methods and tools for the analysis of alternative options. Some relevant cost-benefit analysis methods include Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA), Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA), Input-Output Models (I-O), General Equilibrium Models (GE), and Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA). 

Option selection Select and recommend appropriate alternative approaches for implementation of risk management strategies and measures. 

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Phase III Synthesis. (/) Identify options identify opportunities, target problem areas, and confirm options. 2) Evaluate options technical, environmental, and economic. (J) Prepare action plan waste reduction plan, production efficiency plan, and training. 

The following steps will bring the team to the point of identifying options for both groups of P2 corrective actions. 

Identified options for recycling solvent/by-products on site... 

Identify options to reduce the generation of these substances in the production or manufacturing process. 

Conceptual Flexibility. Identifies options and feasible alternatives, evaluates pros and cons and is willing to abandon or change direction. 

This report identifies options for sensing and responding to chemical agent releases. It... 

Standards may be expressed in a number of forms (e.g., as concentration, mass, or load/unit area). The specification must be explicit but should identify options where there is genuine flexibility. The use of the standard will dictate whether it can be expressed as an absolute limit or some sort of time-weighted percentile. 

Table 5.1 also identifies options to gather additional data, which enable the application of alternative assessment options. For example, a risk assessor may opt to test the toxicity of an unknown mixture in the field or the laboratory, but alternatively the assessor can decide to determine the mixture composition and subsequently perform a component-based assessment. The following actions for gathering additional data are listed ... 

Identifying options for preventing releases and minimizing health and environmental risks. 

Having quantified the refinery s releases and identified major sources, the study team began to identify options for reducing releases and minimizing the environmental and human health risks they might pose. In March 1991 the project sponsored a three-day workshop to assist in option identification and development. It involved more than 120 representatives from ERA, Amoco, the Com-... 

The effort to identify options for pollution prevention at Amoco s Yorktown refinery provided important insights into both technical and policy issues. 

The principal intent of a waste audit is to critically assess various inputs, processes, and outputs to find methods and practices for minimizing waste and reducing the resource consumption in a sustainable and environmentally benign way without compromising the commercial interest of the company. The waste audit phase would typically be a data collection and information synthesis phase that explores the current situation. Traditionally, an industrial waste audit also develops a list of waste minimization options and undertakes some preliminary technical and economic feasibility studies on the identified options to recommend about these opiions. 

These differences must be considered in choosing an approach for developing a new expert system and in selecting an expert system development tool. Forward chaining is preferred for identifying options while backward chaining is preferred for identifying whether specific options are viable. 

As these parameters are monitored and changes in risk identified, critical issues can be escalated for more detailed review. Once several risk reduction strategies are identified, the same types of risk evaluation criteria (e.g., risk index, risk matrix, or other quantitative measures) described earlier in this book can be used to assess the relative benefits of each proposed risk mitigation option. Risk reduction can thus be defined as the process of evaluating and identifying options available to reduce risk, that achieve the desired level of risk reduction, and can be justified on a cost-benefit basis. 

Non-insulating foam products typically utilize hydrocarbons, such as isobutane, pentane, isopentane, and hexane. The use of CO2 (either water-based or liquid) is a major identified option to reduce the emission of non-HCFC blowing agents from polyurethane foam and extruded polystyrene boardstock applications. However, the thermal insulation properties of C02-blown foam are significantly compromised when compared to halocarbon-blown foam. Halocarbons (i.e., HCFCs, HFCs) are thus expected to be used in insulation foam manufacture for several years into the future. The primary HCFC replacements in these sectors are expected to be the liquid HFCs, which may see extensive use once HCFCs can no longer be used. 

LCA is a developing technique to study the environmental effects of an activity, e.g. manufacturing a consumer item, by considering the whole product life cycle. The information gained by this process is used to identify options for reduction of the environmental effects, either by means of process improvements or substitution. Clearly, such a substitution can only be made by conducting two or more parallel studies. This is an area fraught with difficulty. 

According to Figure 1, the overall development is best described by the exponential increase in numbers of patents, publications, commercial products, and sales, which cannot be discussed in this Introduction. This astonishing development is still ongoing. New rapidly developing markets arise in Asia, especially in China and products with new chemical and/or physical properties expand the fields of application. New requirements have to be identified, options have to be discussed, and solutions have to be found Where are the needs and opportunities of silicon chemistry in the new century In principle academic basic silicon research and industrial market-oriented research cannot be separated they profit from and influence each other. Today s activities in both fields, academia and industry, may be described by the following triangle. 

Engineering the test assures that materials, equipment, instrumentation, personnel, and supporting services are available and used in a timely and effective manner. The test plan must be examined with a clear understanding of problems that may arise to thwart its successful completion. Critical supplies, equipment, and schedule steps must be identified options developed tasks simplified resources allocated and adequate time allotted. The cost and effort of this step is usually recouped in a more efficient, trouble-free corrosion test. 

Determine the frequency of risk events Determine the impact of events Identify options to mitigate the events Examine feasibility of the options Cost/benefit analysis Make a decision Reassess... 

The systematic assessment of the overall effect of each identified option on the potential risks is referred to as the impact analysis . 

The Impact of each identified option on the reduction or containment of identified risks shonld be assessed. 

The second part of this stage is related to the foundation of the assurance that everything reasonable has been done in order to minimise the risk arising from the malfunction of the system Each of the identified options should be assessed, the improvement that the option conld bring if it is implemented should be weighed against the cost of the implementation, as well as other relevant parameters. 

To enable a rigorous option suitability assessment, the following information must be provided for each identified option ... 

To be able to identify waste minimization opportunities in a given facility or process, it is necessary to use a systematic approach that takes into consideration all of the important factors. The Waste Minimization Assessment Procedure (WMAP) represents such an approach. One part of a larger waste minimization program that is required of hazardous waste generators, the procedure involves a step-by-step approach to (1) understand the facility s wastes and processes, (2) identify options for reducing waste, and (3) determine which of the options exhibit sufficient technical and economic feasibility to justify implemen-... 

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