Hydrocarbon utilization

Murphy GL, JJ Perry (1983) Incorporation of chlorinated alkanes into fatty acids of hydrocarbon-utilizing mycobacteria. / BactcnoZ 156 1158-1164. 

Phillips WE, JJ Perry (1976) Thermomicrobiumfosteri sp. nov., a hydrocarbon-utilizing obligate thermophile. Int J Syst Bacteriol 26 220-225. 

There have already been a number of excellent reviews describing many aspects of SOFC, and we will not try to duplicate that literature. For information on stack designs and cells operating on H2 or on synthesis gas (a mixture or H2 and CO) produced by reforming, we refer the reader to those other reviews. In this review, we will focus on recent work aimed at operating SOFC directly on hydrocarbon fuels and on anode materials that are compatible with direct hydrocarbon utilization. We have further restricted the scope to the performance and analysis of single-cell systems. While stacks that operate directly on hydrocarbons will likely need to be different from more traditional stacks, the development of direct-utilization SOFC is still in its infancy, with only one report of preliminary data on the stack level. 2 ... 

Sri 3a o.6Tio.2Nbo.803- phases, and yttria-titania zirconates have been investigated. All of these materials are likely to be stable for direct hydrocarbon utilization, but none has shown adequate performance for reasons similar to those outlined for the other oxides. 

Buckley EN, Jonas RB, Pfaender FK. 1976. Characterization of microbial isolates from an estuarine ecosystem Relationship of hydrocarbon utilization to ambient hydrocarbon concentrations. Appl Environ Microbiol 32(2) 232-237. 

Lukins HB, Foster JW. 1963. Methyl ketone metabolism in hydrocarbon-utilizing mycobacteria. J Bacterid 85 1074-1087. 

Perry JJ. 1968. Substrate specificity in hydrocarbon utilizing microorganisms. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 34 27-36. 

In fuel systems containing water, certain microorganisms can survive. Typical species are the bacterial anaerobe Disulfovibrio and the fungal species Cladosporium resinae. These microorganisms are called hydrocarbon utilizing microbes and often referred to as HUM or HUM-bugs. They can initiate corrosion in fuel systems. 

Treat system with a ferrous metal corrosion inhibitor Check for the presence of hydrocarbon-utilizing microbes or sulfate-reducing microbes treat fuel/water with a biocide... 

Adcock, J. L. Horita. K. Renk, E. B. Low Temperature Fluorination of Aerosol and Condensed Phase Sol Suspensions of Hydrocarbons Utilizing Elemental Fluorine, Office of Naval Research, Contract Technical Report No. 3. 

Carney, B. F. Leary, J. V. (1989). Novel alterations in plasmid DNA associated with aromatic hydrocarbon utilization by Pseudomonas putida R5-3- Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 55, 1523-30. 

Singer, M. E. Finnerty, W. R. (1984a). Genetics of hydrocarbon-utilizing microorganisms. In Petroleum Microbiology, ed. R. M. Atlas, pp. 299-354. New York Macmillan. 

Editors footnote The question of hydrocarbon utilization by sulfate reducers is discussed in Chapter 6.1. 

Lummus Technology Hexene-1 Mixed C, hydrocarbons Utilizes isomerization and metathesis to produce high-purity hexene-1 from a mixed C, stream NA NA... 

These tritiated hydrocarbons, needed to study hydrocarbon utilization by microorganisms, have been prepared by simultaneous Kolbe electrolysis of mixtures of T-labelled... 

In Escherichia coli an acyl-acyl carrier protein synthetase that uses acyl carrier protein instead of CoA for fatty acid activation has been described (Ray and Cronan, 1976). The hydrocarbon utilizing yeast, Candida lipolyti-ca fabricates two distinct long chain acyl-CoA synthetases one of them activates fatty acids exclusively for lipid synthesis, while the other one does so for p-oxidation (Numa, 1981). Comparisons of the mitochondrial and microsomal long chain acyl-CoA synthetases of rat liver have shown, however, that the two enzymes are very similar (Philipp and Parsons, 1979 Tanaka et al., 1979). 

Wilson VL, Tatford BC, Yin X, Rajki SC, Walsh MM, LaRock P (1999) Specific-specific detection of hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria. J Microbiol Method 39 59-78... 

Reaction (3) was discovered by Fischer-Tropsch in 1923. The first plants which produced 200,000 tons of hydrocarbons were developed in Germany in 1936. The maximum production of hydrocarbons utilizing the Fischer-Tropsch method was achieved in Germany at the beginning of 1944 (ca 6,000,000 tons per year). After WWII, hydrocarbons were produced by this method in the United States (1948-1953) and in South Africa (from 1955). Owing to the rise in the price of oil after 1973, interest in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis increased. 

The above hydrocarbon utilization methods have various advantages and disadvantages. External partial oxidation reforming has the advantages that the feed gas (air) does not have to be stored, the reformer is compact, the exothermic reaction helps to heat the incoming fuel, and it can be used with a wide range of hydrocarbons. Unfortunately, the achievable fuel efficiency is relatively low and the cell performance may be compromised by N2 dilution of the fuel [22]. This is the method of choice for small-scale systems where efficiency is not critical and the heat is needed to maintain stack... 

Table 6. A partial list of hydrocarbon-utilizing microorganisms...

HUM-Bug Detector Kit, manufactured by Hammonds Fuel Additives, is a qualitative test that indicates that hydrocarbon utilizing microorganisms are present. The test flask contains the fuel or water bottom sample to be tested, a hydrocarbon source, an aqueous phase with nutrients added and a color indicator. The test bottle is incubated at 25°C in the dark for 12 to 48 hours. A red or pink color indicates the presence of hydrocarbon utilizing microorganisms (Hammonds Companies Inc., 2002). 

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