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Hydrocarbon-fuel emulsions

Maybe the paramount property of an emulsion is its viscosity. As a conditioning vehicle, emulsions are often required to be viscous, as in mayonnaise or paints, or contrariwise, to be the least viscous as possible as in heavy hydrocarbon fuel emulsions. Emulsion viscosity depends on many variables (79-83). [Pg.464]

Cooney, J.J., Edmonds, P., and Brenner, Q.M. (1968). Growth and survival of fuel isolates in hydrocarbon-fuel emulsions. Appl. [Pg.274]

The density of heavy fuels is greater than 0.920 kg/1 at 15°C. The marine diesel consumers focus close attention on the fuel density because of having to centrifuge water out of the fuel. Beyond 0.991 kg/1, the density difference between the two phases —aqueous and hydrocarbon— becomes too small for correct operation of conventional centrifuges technical improvements are possible but costly. In extreme cases of fuels being too heavy, it is possible to rely on water-fuel emulsions, which can have some advantages of better atomization in the injection nozzle and a reduction of pollutant emissions such as smoke and nitrogen oxides. [Pg.236]

The effect of entibititic residues m dairy products Photocyanation of aromatic compounds Hydrocarbon-water emulsions as fuels... [Pg.1904]

Experiments were conducted with different types of hydrocarbon fuels to produce steam-gas mixture at high pressures. Natural gas, crude oil, water-oil emulsions, diesel fuel and kerosene-all of them were tested for their suitability as fuel. This type of steam-gas generator was already tested in Bashkiria under different operating conditions, first, on a bench-size model and, subsequendy, on a pilot installation in the oil field. [Pg.186]

A number of chemical products are derived from Sasol s synthetic fuel operations based on the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis including paraffin waxes from the Arge process and several polar and nonpolar hydrocarbon mixtures from the Synthol process. Products suitable for use as hot melt adhesives, PVC lubricants, cormgated cardboard coating emulsions, and poHshes have been developed from Arge waxes. Wax blends containing medium and hard wax fractions are useful for making candles, and over 20,000 t/yr of wax are sold for this appHcation. [Pg.168]

Dual-phase extraction cannot remediate heavy chlorinated compounds, pesticides, or heavy hydrocarbons including polychlorinated biphenyls (RGBs), dioxin, fuel oil No. 6, or metals (with the possible exception of mercury). High-velocity pump systems (such as liquid ring vacuum pumps) tend to form emulsions, especially when diesel fuel is part of the recovered fluids. The problem of emulsion can be solved with prepump separation or a de-emulsification unit. [Pg.505]

The basic chemical composition of a typical all-AN oxidizer emulsion explosive would be AN plus about 15 percent water plus about 5 percent fuels. The fuels may contain fuel oil, mineral oils, and emulsifiers, the majority of which can generally be described as CH2 hydrocarbon chains. Therefore, a very simplified chemical reaction for a basic emulsion is similar to that for ANFO shown above. [Pg.1764]

By careful choice of emulsifiers it is possible to provide microemulsions based on diesel oil which exhibit an ignition performance suitable for high-speed diesel engines. In contrast to emulsion fuels examined previously (23), these microemulsions show a pronounced net benefit in the NO and smoke emissions. The amounts of unbumed hydrocarbon and CO in the exhausts do increase but may be reduced by a catalytic afterburner. [Pg.230]

Demulsifiers aid in the separation of fuel from water. Normally, hydrocarbons and water separate rapidly and cleanly. But if the fuel contains polar compounds that behave like surfactants and if free water is present, the fuel and water can form a stable emulsion. Any operation that subjects the mixture to high shear forces, like pumping the fuel, can stabilize the emulsion. Demulsifiers are surfactants which can destabilize the emulsions and allow the fuel and water phases to separate. Demulsifiers are used in concentrations of up to 30 ppm. [Pg.54]

This term refers to crude oils, distillation, and cracking products (coal tar) and emulsions of these substances. All of these substances are microbially biodegradable. Hydrocarbons are conducive to microorganisms, and microbial growth causes damage to materials such as fuel tanks and pipelines (51). [Pg.42]

Collectors Insoluble in water, oily hydrocarbons, kerosene, fuel oil Used in so-called emulsion flotation of coal, in which collector droplets must attach to coal particles... [Pg.17]

Uses Monomer for industrial and automotive clear coatings, dye additives intermediate for water treatment and oil field chems. stabilizer for fuel oils sweetening agent for various hydrocarbon oils acrylic resin modifier for automotive industry rubber modifier and stabilizer retention aid for paper mfg. water clarifier for o/w emulsions Properties Clear liq. m.w. 185.27 sp.gr. 0.922 (20/20 C) f.p. < -60 C b.p. 114 C (30 mm) flash pt. 77 C... [Pg.40]

Emulsified fracturing fluids are typically very viscous polymer oil-inwater emulsions that may consist of60-70% hquid hydrocarbon dispersed in 30-40% aqueous solution or gel. The hydrocarbon phase may be diesel fuel, kerosene, or even crude oils and condensates. The aqueous phase may consist of gelled fresh water, a KCl solution or an acid solution. Emulsion fracturing fluids may be applied to oil or gas wells, particularly in low pressure formations susceptible to water blockage, and for bottom-hole temperatures of up to about 150 °C. They can provide excellent fluid loss control, possess good transport properties and can be less damaging to the reservoir than other fluids. However, emulsions are more difficult to prepare and can be more expensive. [Pg.87]

For piping systems conveying hydrocarbons, emulsions, saline solutions, air, gas, steam, liquids, hydraulic fluids and fuels, suitably designed rubber expansion joints are usually installed within the piping system to accommodate forces due to movement and thermal expansion, and so prevent leakages. [Pg.73]

Several Pseudomonas spp. have been documented in the literature as common contaminants and derivatives of petroleum fluids (aromatic and paraffinic hydrocarbons, kerosene fuels, cutting oil emulsions), as well as, asphalt and asphalt-based coatings. Generally, their presence produces an alteration of fuel quality which leads to slime formation and subsequent blockages of filters and injection systems. In addition, several types of corrosion processes have been demonstrated which primarily involve pitting (Genner and Hill, 1981). Occasionally, the presence of marcescens has been reported in association with... [Pg.276]

The importance of NBR (a polar rubber) is due to its excellent resistance to nonpolar or weakly polar materials (solvents) such as hydrocarbon oils, fuels, and greases. Nitrile rubber, which is a copolymer of butadiene and aeiylonitrile, is prepared by an emulsion polymerization process. ... [Pg.301]


See other pages where Hydrocarbon-fuel emulsions is mentioned: [Pg.272]    [Pg.272]    [Pg.295]    [Pg.220]    [Pg.100]    [Pg.220]    [Pg.220]    [Pg.3]    [Pg.191]    [Pg.31]    [Pg.23]    [Pg.249]    [Pg.358]    [Pg.314]    [Pg.429]    [Pg.21]    [Pg.249]    [Pg.88]    [Pg.31]    [Pg.390]    [Pg.31]    [Pg.265]    [Pg.355]    [Pg.32]    [Pg.173]    [Pg.7330]    [Pg.487]    [Pg.194]    [Pg.417]    [Pg.612]    [Pg.520]   
See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.272 ]




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Hydrocarbon fuels

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