Heavy metals and organics

Membrane filtration processes have been successfully applied to the field of environmental engineering for air pollution control,34 potable water purification,22-24 groundwater decontamination,35,36 industrial effluent treatment,37 hazardous leachate treatment,35,36 and site remediation,36 mainly because membrane filtration can remove heavy metals and organics. 

Electroosmotic soil processing is an in situ separation/removal technique for extracting heavy metals and organic contaminants from soils.17 55 89 The fluid between the soil particles moves because a constant, low DC current is applied through electrodes inserted into the soil mass. The electroosmosis (EO) remedial method provides an advantage over conventional pumping techniques for in situ treatment of contaminated fine-grained soils and is more efficient in saturated conditions. 

Araki S, Aono H, Yokoyama K, et al. 1986. Filterable plasma concentration, glomerular fdtration, tubular reabsorption and renal clearance of heavy metals and organic substances in metal workers. Arch Environ Health 41 216-221. 

These examples show that when excluding substances like heavy metals and organic micropollutants, the wastewater quality is closely related to the microbial biodegradability of organic matter. This characteristic feature is not... 

Many old landfills were located on permeable ground, where leachates were allowed to percolate and attenuate through the porous material. Table 16.1 shows that the leachates percolating out of landfill sites contain significant concentrations of nutrients, heavy metals and organics this uncontrolled means of landfilling has resulted in the contamination of aquifers at many landfill sites around the world [45]. 

Analytical methods for heavy metals and organic contaminants in sludges. Costs of Analyses. 

Other components likely to be found in both seawater and brackish water are heavy metals and organic matter, both of which will impact the composition of the concentrate. Heavy metals and other toxic constituents are found in all water sources, but they are more likely to found in inland water sources rather than... 

Colloidal-mediated transport of contaminants into the subsurface is illustrated by the behavior of heavy metals and organic pesticides that originate from agricultural practices. 

Electroremediation is a method for the in situ removal of heavy-metal and organic compounds from low-permeability soils by the application of direct-current electric fields. These fields induce the transport of water and contaminants to wells where they are pumped to the surface. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) developed the Electroremediation technology, which is commercially available through Corrpro Companies Incorporated. 

Electrokinetic treatment can be used to remediate soils, sludges, and sediments contaminated with heavy metals and organic hydrocarbons. Electrokinetic treatment works well on clay-type soils with low hydraulic permeability, which are difficult to treat using other in sitn technologies. Electrokinetic permeabilities for aqueous systems in clays have been demonstrated to be up to 1000 times greater than normal hydraulic permeabilities, and some heavy metals have exhibited removal efficiencies of up to 100%. 

Klohn-Crippen Consultants, Ltd., has developed the ex situ ChemTech soil treatment process for the removal of heavy metals and organic contaminants from contaminated soil and sediment. The ChemTech process uses two mechanisms to remove contaminants physical scouring of the soil particle surface and chemical leaching of the contaminants from the soil particles. Processing takes place using a three-phase fluidized bed. The technology has been evaluated in pilot-scale... 

Lynntech, Inc. s (Lynntech s), electrokinetic remediation of contaminated soil technology is an in situ soil decontamination method that uses an electric current to transport soil contaminants. According to Lynntech, this technology uses both direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) electrokinetic techniques (dielectrophoresis) to decontaminate soil containing heavy metals and organic contaminants. A non homogeneous electric field is applied between electrodes positioned in the soil. The field induces electrokinetic processes that cause the controlled, horizontal, and/or vertical removal of contaminants from soils of variable hydraulic permeabilities and moisture contents. 

In 1999, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) prepared a cost estimate for PET treatment of salt wastes containing heavy metals and organics. The estimate compared PET treatment with the current baseline (cement encapsulation). It is assumed that waste loading for the cement system would be 10%, while the PET system would allow for a 30% waste loading. An analysis of operations and maintenance for the PET system was not performed. It was assumed that the basic mixing apparatus and extruder could be purchased off the shelf and that facility requirements would be similar for the two options (D20937K, p. 12). 

S.R. Juliastuti, J. Baeyens, C. Creemers, D. Bixio, E. Lodewyckx, The inhibitory effects of heavy metals and organic compounds on the net maximum specific growth rate of the autotrophic biomass in activated sludge, J. Hazard. Mater. B100 (2003) 271-283. 

Traditional landfill presents several disadvantages since the space available for landfill has become scarce. In addition, municipal waste has to be transported over increasing distances with associated wastage of energy [3]. Leachates from unprepared landfills may contain hazardous levels of substances such as ammonium salts, heavy metals and organic chemical waste that may contaminate the air, soil and ground water [4] and thus may affect crops and secondary animals and man [3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. 

Second, not all chemical wastes that contain hazardous substances are deemed to be hazardous. EPA considers wastes that contain certain hazardous substances (heavy metals and organic compounds, including carcinogens and noncarcinogens) not to be hazardous if the leachability of the substances from the waste form is limited. This characterization of waste as nonhazardous is based on EPA s judgment that potential risks to humans resulting from disposal of the waste would not exceed acceptable levels. 

River sediments TT whole sediment Heavy metal and organic analysis I, Be (Canfield et al., 1998)... 

Brusseau ML, Wang X, Wang W-Z. Simultaneous elution of heavy metals and organic compounds from soil by cyclodextrin. Environ Sci Technol 1997 31 1087-1092. 

Barker, A.V. and Bryson, G.M. 2002. Bioremediation of heavy metals and organic toxicants hy composting. The Scientific World Journal, 2 407-20. 

Liu, M. Heavy metals and organic compounds contamination in soil from an e-waste region in South China. Environ. Sci. 15, 919 (2013)... 

Wade, T. L., Enrichment of Heavy Metals and Organic Compounds in the Surface Microlayer of Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, Science (1972) 176,161-163. 

Among the strong oxidizing agents, perchloric acid is probably the most hazardous. It can form heavy metal and organic perchlorates that are explosive, and it can react explosively if it comes in contact with organic compounds. 

Musculoskeletal diseases that are triggered by exposures to xenobiotics include connective tissue and bone moieties. These effects are generally observed after long-term exposures to toxic chemicals, including heavy metals and organic solvents. The long periods of time following initial exposure until the onset of symptoms complicates the study of chemically... 

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