Heavy metals, in sediments

Bryan, G.W. and W.J. Langston. 1992. Bioavailability, accumulation and effects of heavy metals in sediments with special reference to United Kingdom estuaries a review. Environ. Pollut. 76 89-131. 

Berrow, S.D. 1991. Heavy metals in sediments and shellfish from Cork Harbour, Ireland. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 22 467-469. 

The content of heavy metals in sediments was determined by sample digestion with 10 ml of the mixture of HCI04, HCI, HN03 and HF at 200°C, followed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry (ICP) (ACME, 2003). 

Sweeney MD, Naidu AS. 1989. Heavy metal in sediments of the inner shelf of the Beaufort Sea, northern arctic Alaska. Marine Pollution Bulletin 20 140-143. 

Donkor, A.E., Bonzongo, J.-C.J., Nartey, V.K. and Adotey, D.K. (2005) Heavy metals in sediments of the gold mining impacted Pra River Basin, Ghana, West Africa. Soil and Sediment Contamination, 14, 479-503. 

Table 6.18. Laboratory analysis of the concentrations of heavy metals in sediments and in water measured in July 1996 during the American-Russian hydrophysical expedition (Krapivin et al., 1998). Places of sampling are marked in the map in Figure 6.12. Measurement error did not exceed one sigma.

Foerstner, U. (1983) Types of binding of heavy metals in sediments and sludges sorption/mobilisation, chemical extraction and bioavailability. Fresenius Z.Anal. Chem., 316, 604-611. 

Martin, R., Sanchez, D.M. and Gutierrez, A.M. (1998) Sequential extraction of U, Th, Ce, La and some heavy metals in sediments from Ortigas river, Spain. Talanta, 46, 111 5-1121. 

Zink-Nielsen, I. 1977. Intercalibration of methods for chemical analysis of sediments results from intercalibrations of methods for determining loss on ignition, COD, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and heavy metals in sediments. Vatten 33 14—20. 

Bailey, A. K., andWeisel, G. R, 1976, Completion report Concentration of heavy metals in sediments of a hydroelectric impoundment Montana State University Joint Water Resources Research Center, 75 p. 

Point and diffuse sources contribute to heavy metals in sediments. Point sources have dominated the input of heavy metals in surface vaters for most of the past century, and both dated sediment cores and archived sediment samples sho v the impact of uncontrolled industrialization between 1900 and 1970 on sediment composition. Although these point sources are no longer in existence, or they have reduced their output due to regulations, these contaminated sediments are still present in the environment and pose an important management issue of clean-up. Important in this respect are river flood plains and dredging and disposal of old sediments in locks, weirs, and river stretches. In this chapter, the available technologies for clean-up or... 

Characterization of long-term reactivity and bioavailability of heavy metals in sediments can be performed by (i) acid-producing potential (APP Kersten and Fbrstner... 

Chovanec, A., Vogel, W.R., Lorbeer, G., Hanus-Illnar, A., Seif, P., 1994. Chlorinated organic compounds, PAHs, and heavy metals in sediment and aquatic mosses of two upper Austrian rivers. Chemosphere 29, 2117-2133. 

Goncalves, E.P.R., Soares, H.M.V.M., Boaventura, R.A.R., Machado, A.A.S.C., Esteves da Silva, J.C.G., 1994. Seasonal variations of heavy metals in sediment and aquatic mosses from the Cavado river basin (Portugal). Sci. Total Environ. 142, 143-156. 

Interlaboratory CVs for heavy metals in sediments were, on average, 16%. Only for mercury was the CV 50%. On average, 80% of the results were within two standard deviations of the accepted mean. The CV for organic carbon and for dry weight of biota were 16% and 6%, respectively. The results for heavy metals in biota were much less satisfactory, with 46% of the laboratories reporting concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, and Hg within two standard deviations and only 8% reporting such values for Ni and Cr [83]. 

Schoer, J., Eggersgluess, D., 1982. Chemical forms of heavy metals in sediments and suspended matter of Weser, Elbe and Ems rivers. Mitt. Geol. Paleontol. Inst., Univ. Hamburg 52, 667-685. 

Patrick WH Jr., Gambrell RP, DeLaune RD. (2003). Physicochemical factors controlling stability of toxic heavy metals in sediments. Workshop on Environmental Stability of Chemicals in Sediments, April 8-10,2003, San Diego, CA. 

In every form of heavy metals, the acid soluble phase is the most active. It controls the distribution of heavy metals in sediments-pore waters and their availability. The difference between acid-volatile sulfide and simultaneous extracted metals (AVS-SEM) was investigated to explain the biological toxicity of zinc in the sediments to benthic organisms (Han et al., 2003). When the molar difference between SEM and AVS (i.e., SEMzn-AVS) was <0 pmol/g, the concentration of zinc in the sediment interstitial water was low and few toxic effects were observed. Conversely, when SEM n-AVS exceeded 0 pmol/g, a dose-dependent increase in the relative concentration of zinc in the pore water was detected and apparent toxic effects in the organisms were observed. 

To determine the somce of heavy metals in sediments, mathematical statistics can be used to obtain the results except when it comes to the combination characteristics of elements. Factor analysis is employed to analyse the data of heavy metals in Bohai Bay sediment. Results showed that Cd, Zn, and As are seriously contaminated by human pollution. Pb, Cr, and Hg are partly contaminated by hmnans, while Cu, Fe, and Ni are from natural sources. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to estimate source of heavy metal contamination in Jiaozhou Bay sediments. Results showed that heavy metal contamination somces in this bay could be divided into three groups, such as industrial wastewater, degradation of organic matter, and erosion of rocks, respectively. The Q-cluster analysis indicated that the degree of pollution near the estuary was heavy, but was light far away from the estuary (Li Y et al., 2006). 

Li SY, Liu GX, Miao FM (1994) The distribution and environmental background values of heavy metals in sediment of the Bohai Sea. Chin Environ Sci 14(5) 370-376 (in Chinese with EngUsh abstract)... 

In the low sedimentation rate area, in certain formations of heavy metals which need chemical reaction or ion exchange, the probability of collisions between particles is small, then the deposition process is slow, chemical equilibrium is hard to break and, finally, the heavy metals in sediments are difficult to release. The high concentrations of heavy metals appear in the region, such as the central part of area I. Fig. 3.31 probably showed a reflection of this mechanism. 

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