Secondary lithium

Secondary batteries can be electrically charged, and these batteries can offer savings in costs and resources. Recently, lithium-ion and nickel-metal hydride batteries have been developed, and are used with the other secondary batteries, such as nickel-cadmium, lead-acid, and coin-type lithium secondary batteries. 

An Li-Al Alloy was investigated for use as a negative electrode material for lithium secondary batteries. Figure 41 shows the cycle performance of a Li-Al electrode at 6% depth of discharge (DOD). The Li-Al alloy was prepared by an electrochemical method. The life of this electrode was only 250 cycles, and the Li-Al alloy was not adequate as a negative material for a practical lithium battery. 

Lithium Secondary Battery with Metal Anodes... 

Tamura N., Ohshita R., Fujimoto M., Fujitani S., Kamino M., Yonezu I. Study of some Li Alloy for Lithium Secondary Battery. Proceedings of Joint (ECS ISE) International Meeting 2001 2-7 September San Francisco, 2 Abstract No. 251, 2001. 

Yoon, S., Kim, H., and Oh S. M., Surface modification of graphite by coke coating for reduction of initial irreversible capacity in lithium secondary batteries, J. Power Sources (2001), 94, 68-73. 

Lithium oxide(s), 15 134, 141 Lithium perchlorate, 3 417 15 141-142 dessicant, 3 360 in lithium cells, 3 459 Lithium peroxide, 15 142 18 393 Lithium phosphate, 15 142 Lithium-polymer cells, 3 551 in development, 3 43 It Lithium primary cells, 3 459-466 Lithium production, 9 640 Lithium products, sales of, 15 121 Lithium salts, 15 135-136, 142 Lithium secondary cells, 3 549-551 ambient temperature, 3 541-549 economic aspects, 3 551-552 high temperature, 3 549-551 Lithium silicate glass-ceramics, 12 631-632... 

Secondary batteries, 3 471-552. See also Alkaline secondary cells Batteries Lead-acid batteries Lithium secondary cells Primary batteries defined, 3 409... 

Lithium secondary batteries can be classified into three types, a liquid type battery using liquid electrolytes, a gel type battery using gel electrolytes mixed with polymer and liquid, and a solid type battery using polymer electrolytes. The types of separators used in different types of secondary lithium batteries are shown in Table 1. The liquid lithium-ion cell uses microporous polyolefin separators while the gel polymer lithium-ion cells either use a PVdF separator (e.g. PLION cells) or PVdF coated microporous polyolefin separators. The PLION cells use PVdF loaded with silica and plasticizer as separator. The microporous structure is formed by removing the plasticizer and then filling with liquid electrolyte. They are also characterized as plasticized electrolyte. In solid polymer lithium-ion cells, the solid electrolyte acts as both electrolyte and separator. 

Kiyoshi, K. In Lithium Secondary Battery Technology for the 21st Century, Kanamura, K., Ed. CMC Tokyo, 200X p 116. 

Nakahara et al. (4) prepared an electricity storage device consisting of poly(2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidinoxy methacrylate), (VII), for use as a negative electrode in lithium secondary batteries. 

Because of the importance of high-performance secondary batteries, the techniques of the secondary lithium batteries are still making rapid progresses. Lithium polymer secondary batteries, having gel-polymer electrolytes, are advantageous in that the rigid metal container is not essential. Thus, all-plastic thin lithium secondary batteries are now available. 

Y. Zhang, F. Zhang, G.-D. Li, and J.-S. Chen, Microporous carbon derived from pinecone hull as anode material for lithium secondary batteries, Mater. Lett., 61(30) 5209-5212, December 2007. 

Fig. 7.1 Comparison of gravimetric and volumetric energy density of lithium secondary cells with aqueous electrolyte-based systems...

It must be emphasized that the most appropriate charging regime is very dependent on the cell system under consideration. Some are tolerant to a considerable amount of overcharging (e.g. nickel-cadmium batteries), while for others, such as zinc-silver oxide and most lithium secondary cells, overcharging can result in permanent damage to the cell. Sealed battery systems require special care float charging should not be used and trickle charge rates should be strictly limited to the manufacturer s recommended values, since otherwise excessive cell temperatures or thermal runaway can result. 

The molecular orbital (MO) calculations within the PM3 method, using a MOP AC package, provided an explanation of the advantages of a new redox system, poly(l,4-phenylene-l,2,4-dithiazolium-3, 5 -yl) (PPDTA), as a cathode material for high-capacity lithium secondary batteries in comparison with three typical polymer conductors (poly-/>-phenylene, polypyrrole, and polythiophene). The MO calculation revealed that the S-S bond in the 1,2,4-dithiazo-lium moiety of PPDTA caused gap narrowing and a downshift of HOMO and LUMO levels, which is consistent with the electrochemical experiment (HOMO = highest occupied molecular orbital LUMO = lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) <2001MI2305>. 

Industrial applications for 1,3,2-dioxathiolane. Y-oxidcs and 1,3,2-dioxathiolane. Y,.Y-dioxides include their use as components of the nonaqueous solvent of electrolyte solutions in lithium secondary batteries <2000JPP2000188127, 2002JPP2002237331, 2002JPP2002319430, 2003JPP2003157900, 2003JPP2003173821, 2004JPP2004055502,... 

Kawakita, J., K. Makino, Y. Katayama, T. Miura, and T. Kishi. 1998. Preparation and characteristics of (NayAg1 y)2V4On for lithium secondary battery cathodes. J. Power Sources. 75 244—250. 

Lithium cyclodifluoromethane-l,l-bis(sulfonyl)imide 150 found an application as a conductive salt in nonaqueous electrolytes for lithium secondary batteries. The corresponding battery cells showed outstanding properties in respect to the capacity and the constant voltage <1997WO9731909>. 

Fujimoto H, Mabuchi A, Tokumitsu K, Kasuh T. Irreversible capacity of lithium secondary battery using meso-carbon micro beads as anode material. J Power Sources 1995 54 440-443. 

Tamura N, Fujimoto M, Kamino M, Fujitani S. Mechanical stability of Sn-Co alloy anodes for lithium secondary batteries. Electrochim Acta 2004 49 1949-1956. 

Kuwabata S, Kishimoto A, Tanaka T, Yoneyama H. Electrochemical synthesis of composite films of manganese dioxide and polypyrrole and their properties as an active material in lithium secondary batteries. J Electrochem Soc 1994 141 10-15. 

Ion conducting polymers may be preferable in these devices electrolytes because of their flexibility, moldability, easy fabrication and chemical stability (for the same reasons that they have been applied to lithium secondary batteries [19,48,49]). The gel electrolyte systems, which consist of a polymeric matrix, organic solvent (plasticizer) and supporting electrolyte, show high ionic conductivity about 10 5 S cnr1 at ambient temperature and have sufficient mechanical strength [5,7,50,51], Therefore, the gel electrolyte systems are superior to solid polymer electrolytes and organic solvent-based electrolytes as batteries and capacitor materials for ambient temperature operation. 

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