Hazardous organic

M. ModeU, "Detoxification and Disposal of Hazardous Organic Chemicals by Processing with Supercritical Water," Pinal Report, U.S. Medical Research and Development Command, 1985. 

Bioremediation. Bioremediation has great appeal. It is a natural process that degrades hazardous organic chemicals into innocuous carbon dioxide and water or nonhazardous byproducts and it is often less expensive and more effective than pump and treat methods. Articles on bioremediation appear regularly in environmental journals and the U.S. EPA has its own regular series of reports on current activities called "Bioremediation in the Pield."... 

The two fluids most often studied in supercritical fluid technology, carbon dioxide and water, are the two least expensive of all solvents. Carbon dioxide is nontoxic, nonflammable, and has a near-ambient critical temperature of 31.1°C. CO9 is an environmentally friendly substitute for organic solvents including chlorocarbons and chloroflu-orocarbons. Supercritical water (T = 374°C) is of interest as a substitute for organic solvents to minimize waste in extraction and reaction processes. Additionally, it is used for hydrothermal oxidation of hazardous organic wastes (also called supercritical water oxidation) and hydrothermal synthesis. 

Tittlebaum, Marty E., Roger Seals, Frank Cartledge, Stephanie Engels, Louisiana State University. State of the Art on Stabilization of Hazardous Organic Liquid Wastes and Sludges. Critical Reviews in Environmental Control, Volume 15, Issue 2,1985. 

Replacement of volatile organic solvents with aqueous systems or less hazardous organic materials improves safety of many processing operations and final products. In evaluating the hazards of a solvent, or any other process chemical, it is essential to consider the properties... 

Abrasive media cleaning systems, replacing hazardous organic solvents for paint stripping (Davis et al., 1994)... 

The reaction was reported by Henry J. Fenton [140]. This reaction is appHed in the treatment of hazardous organic wastes. A search for Fenton reaction in the website ISI Web of Knowledge [141] throws up thousands of scientific papers due to the exponential growth in its use over the years. It has been reviewed in various papers [142-145]. Below, the reaction pathway in the absence of an organic compound is given ... 

As a cautionary note PTC should not be considered a panacea for all of the problems associated with green chemistry. Two-phase reactions involving water are often difficult to deal with industrially, particularly if the water is contaminated with trace amounts of hazardous organic substances. In some cases it may be more practical, cost effective and environmentally prudent to avoid production of aqueous waste in favour of a recyclable less benign solvent. 

Krost KJ, Pellizzari ED, Walbum SG, et al. 1982. Collection and analysis of hazardous organic emissions. Anal Chem 54 810-817. 

Singh HB, Salas LJ, Smith AJ, et al. 1981. Measurements of some potentially hazardous organic chemicals in urban environments. Atmos Environ 15 601-612. 

KoybayashI, H. and Rittman, B.E., Microbial removal of hazardous organic compounds, Environ. Sci. Technol., 16, 170a-183a, 1982. 

Michelson, D.L., Wallis, D.A., and Sebba, R, In-situ biological oxidation of hazardous organics, Environ. Prog., 3, 103-107, 1984. 

Listed Hazardous Organic Wastes for Which Hydrolysis May Be a Significant ... 

The three most significant groups of bacteria that may mineralize hazardous organic compounds are as follows ... 

To obtain a permit, an owner/operator must demonstrate that emission levels set for various hazardous organic constituents are not exceeded. U.S. EPA s principal measure of incinerator performance is its destruction and removal efficiency (DRE). A 99.99% DRE means that one molecule of an organic compound is released to the air for every 10,000 molecules entering the incinerator. A 99.9999% DRE means that one molecule of an organic compound is released to the air for every 1 million molecules entering the incinerator. 

Hazardous Organic Matter in Municipal Sewage Sludge. 115... 

Table 2 Hazardous organic pollutants identified in sewage sludge in different studies...

Cheng HF, Chen SY, Lin JG (2001) Hazardous organic matters in municipal sewage sludge in Taiwan. Water Sci Technol 44 65-70... 

Kuehl, D.W., E.N. Leonard, K.J. Welch, and G.D. Veith. 1980. Identification of hazardous organic chemicals in fish from the Ashtabula River, Ohio, and Wabash River, Indiana. Jour. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 63 1238-1244. Kunz, T.H., E.L.P. Anthony, and W.T. Rumage III. 1977. Mortality of little brown bats following multiple pesticide applications. Jour. Wildl. Manage. 41 476-483. 

Furthermore, many SCFs possess economical, technical, environmental, and health advantages. The high volatility of C02, for example, allows it to be completely and easily removed from the product, resulting in an overall solvent-free reaction. scC02 is a promising alternative to hazardous organic solvents. 

Uniform Safety Act (HMTUSA), 25 338 Hazardous organic materials, transport of, 24 263... 

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