Hazardous materials safety issues

The following section looks at the processes and equipment commonly used in the compounding of epoxy adhesive systems. Since they can be utilized by either the formulator or the end user, there will be no strict division of the discussion by user. Hazards and safety issues related to these materials and processes are discussed somewhat in this chapter, but a more thorough discussion is found in Chap. 18. Test methods, quality control processes, and standards that are commonly used at the formulation level are addressed in Chaps. 19 and 20. 

The Office of Hazards Materials Safety in the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) in the U.S. Department of Transportation (2005), has issued Risk Management Definitions from which the following definition is taken. 

Workers involved in hazardous waste eleanup, handling hazardous materials or other hazardous substanees, faee a more serious safety and health risk than do most eonstruetion or manufaeturing operations. In addition to the typieal slips, trips, and falls found in other eonstruetion or manufaeturing operations, employees handling hazardous waste or ehemieals may eneounter a variety of other hazards ineluding fires, explosions, and health-related issues assoeiated with exposures to toxie substanees. 

Eor example, the federal Oeeupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulates asbestos, lead, and other hazardous substanees. It would be very diffieult to provide the reader with every regulatory ageney that may have jurisdietion over hazardous materials. It is not our intent to provide the reader with every detail. However, the information offered in this book ean aid the reader in general eompli-anee issues and assist in planning for safety. This, in the long run, will help to improve on-site safety performanee. 

In addition, the DOE has issued a variety of publieations that pertain to hazardous waste. We will share some of the pertinent DOE and other information with you in a variety of plaees throughout this book. Mueh of the information that the DOE has published is useful when eonsid-ering work aetivities involving hazardous materials. Numerous other DOE orders that outline speeifie requirements on safety and health programs, industrial hygiene, eonstruetion safety, oeeupational medieine, and nuelear safety will also be eited as appropriate for eomparison. 

H. Safety considerations. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), US Department of Labor, standard entitled Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories (29 CFR 1910.1450) makes it necessary to address safety issues in the SOP. The standard requires laboratories that use hazardous chemicals to maintain employee exposures at or below the permissible exposure limits specified for these chemicals in 29 CFR Part 1910, Subpart Z. Hazards associated with any specific chemicals used in a method must be addressed so that the user has the information needed to follow the Chemical Hygiene Plan for their laboratory. The method developer should limit the use of hazardous chemicals where feasible. The use of toxic and/or carcinogenic reagents should be avoided or eliminated as much as possible. Additionally, the cost of disposal is increasing and could impact the practicality of a method. Material Safety Data Sheets for the analyte(s) and any unusual or hazardous reagents should be provided for the user. 

First considered an environmental issue (e.g., hazardous materials spills contaminating the environmental media—air, water, and/or soil), chemical facility safety has been an issue of congressional interest for many years. Review of the historical incidents listed in sidebar 4.1 provides some perspective on the magnitude of the consequences that might result from terrorist attacks. Obviously, these incidents (and others) increase concern over the potential for release of toxic chemicals and the associated potential health impacts on surrounding areas. 

The approach described is appropriate for assuring process safety for the preliminary design and is commonly used in industry where hazardous materials are handled. The committee further notes that a full-scale quantitative risk assessment (QRA) will be required in conjunction with the completion of the final design to assure that all process safety issues have been fully addressed. 

Apart from the safety issues normally associated with any chemistry laboratory, there are a number of specific issues associated with explosives and bomb scene examination. An obvious point is the hazards associated with handling and storage of explosives most countries have strict regulations covering this area, and compliance is mandatory. This is not a trivial matter as it is common to receive unknown and unidentified materials, or items that have been subject to physical abuse. 

Hartree-Fock calculations, peracid alkene epoxidation, 48-50 Hazardous materials commercial codes, 621 emergency response, 746-7 environmental hazards, 747, 751-3 labels, 751-3 NIOSH Pocket Guide, 749 occupational hazards, 747-9 safety issues, 744-9 HDL see High-density lipoprotein Heat of formation see Enthalpy of formation HEHP (1-hydroxyethyl hydroperoxide), 605, 638... 

Because solvents are required in such high volumes compared to all other materials used in a synthetic transformation, hazards associated with solvents and safety issues associated with their use have always been a consideration in the development and selection of solvents. Some of the earliest and most obvious hazards, that if solvents were found to possess would cause them to be selected against, include properties such as high flammability or explosivity. With the greater understanding of the health and environmental effects that could be caused by other hazardous properties that solvents may possess or by their use in such large volumes, alternative solvents are... 

The reader should note that there are a number of important terms that should be noted when dealing with hazardous materials. These terms include important properties of general classes of chemicals and of a few commonly used industrial chemicals. This section will attempt to familiarize the reader with the main points. This section is not intended for practicing industrial chemists, nor is it intended as anything other than a refresher for those with strong backgrounds in chemistry. It is intended to provide a brief introduction to chemistry for the safety manager who must, as a part of his responsibilities, deal with hazardous materials issues. 

Industrial association of chemical and hydrocarbon manufacturers concerned with safety issues in the production, transportation and processing of their potentially hazardous and toxic materials. 

Health and Safety Issues. Polyesterether elastomers derived from dimethyl terephthalate, butanediol, and Ptmeg are not hazardous according to the published Materials Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for this elastomer. Polymers of a similar structure containing isophthalic acid are also not considered hazardous. For other copolymer elastomers, the MSDS put out by suppliers should be consulted by potential users before evaluation. One environmental advantage of thermoplastic elastomers of this type is that they are melt-reprocessible and thus scrap and off-specification material and even obselete parts can be easily recycled. Up to 25% by weight of recycled material can be incorporated (see Recycling, plastics). 

A useful source of data on the safety record of the transportation of expls is the Office of Hazardous Materials News, Office of the Secretary, Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. A European collection of data on industry connected accidents is said to have been collected by Dr Karl Trautzl (Ref 44). The Department of Defense Explosives Safety Board has issued two series of publications (Ref 26). The first are the proceedings of the Annual Explosives Safety Seminars. The second publication series are the abstracts of expl accidents. These reports are submitted voluntarily by both government and industry and are complete with descriptions of causes, damage and casualties. Incidents related to the Fireworks industry are reported annually in the Fire Journal (Ref 64)... 

Material safety data sheets should include a statement such as "This product has been classified in accordance with the hazard criteria of the country of issue and the MSDS contains all of the information required by those regulations."... 

Review of design and construction plans, drawings, and specifications for life safety systems, fire protection systems, access, water supplies, processes, and hazardous materials and other fire and life safety issues... 

When using ERPG data, keep in mind that human responses vary widely and that particular responses cannot be attributed to exact levels of exposure. Other sources of hazards data in some case can be found in Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) issued by the manufacturer of the material or in the National Institute of Occupation Safety and Health (NIOSH) publication NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (DHHS, 1990). 

All the above data may not be available from the literature. The data which are necessary but unobtainable need to be secured by calculation or experiment For the preliminary evaluation of hazardous reactive chemicals, data sheets indicating hazards are recommended. Although no complete set of data sheets is available at present, Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) 01 designated by OSHA, the Department of Labor of the U.S.A. and Chemical Data Handbooks 10 issued by the Tokyo Fire Agency contain some of this data. A hazard data base which can be used for the compilation of complete data sheets should be established in the near future. 

The Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging for Supply) (CHIP) Regulations 2009 require manufacturers and suppliers to provide users with information about hazards and health risks by labelling their products with relevant hazard information and by issuing Material Safety Data Sheets. 

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