Hazard criteria

Once you have selected the quantities of material, hazard criteria, and representative materials, consequence models can determine the potential hazard zone. Generally, several of the releases will be very similar and it may be possible to reduce the number of modelling runs by grouping similar releases together. The modelling package you choose will provide guidance on how to set up and run the models. 

Chemicals of concern can also be defined based on hazard criteria that apply to chemicals regardless of whether or not they are on regulatory or policy hsts. Below we describe several tools that can help businesses to identify chemicals of concern through modehing programs and by tracking regulatory hsts around the world. 

Specify the hazard criteria for each of the four benchmarks. 

The hazard criteria for Benchmark 3 define chemicals that are on the cusp of being benign they have some hazard characteristics of modest concern, but no characteristics of high concern. 

The most important on-line methods are discussed below along with the hazard criteria used by each technique. 

Another model, used in the USA, is the OASYS Pollution Prevention Optional Analysis System, developed by the Toxic Use Reduction Institute. Technologies are assessed on a variety of hazard criteria, including acute and chronic human toxicity, physical properties, aquatic impacts, persistence/bioaccumulation, atmospheric releases, disposal, chemical properties, energy/resource use, product hazard and exposure potential. Alternatives are rated to... 

Reviewing the product range in respect of both economic and hazard criteria. 

Used with common sense, the substitution doctrine does not seem unreasonable. If a less hazardous chemical can do the job, why not use it However, in practice, substitution can be required for almost any chemical product marketed in Sweden that fails to satisfy certain hazard criteria, irrespective of the actual level of risk its use carries. 

Material safety data sheets should include a statement such as "This product has been classified in accordance with the hazard criteria of the country of issue and the MSDS contains all of the information required by those regulations."... 

There are several different notification categories which can be used by applicants depending on the type of chemical (polymer or discrete chemical), annual import volume and other exposure or intrinsic hazard criteria. The level of notification and the extent of data required to support the application are matched to the a priori level of risk posed by the chemical. 

Hazard Criteria Hazard Sub-Criteria Exposure (without PPE) Previous Example Recommendations for professional and/or consumer uses... 

Table 5.4 Recommendations for professional and consumer uses according to hazard criteria and exposure levels (without personal protective equipment (PPE)) (chemical acronyms listed in Abbreviations)...

The UK strategy states that in some cases hazard criteria are sufficient to move immediately to consideration of risk reduction strategies . Given that this statement implies avoiding risk assessment or further gathering of data (step 2), a brief review of Stakeholder Forum meeting reports finds no evidence for this approach. 

Some organizations feel it is appropriate that only those processing units that meet defined hazards criteria participate in the process safety metrics systems. 

Table 10.2 Toxicity Categories and Related Hazard Criteria...

For a chemical—along with its known and predicted breakdown products (i.e., degradation products and metabolites)—to progress from Benchmark 1 to Benchmark 2, it must pass all the criteria specified under Benchmark 1. Similarly to progress from Benchmark 2 to Benchmark 3 and from Benchmark 3 to Benchmark 4 the chemical must pass the criteria specified under each respective benchmark. The criteria become increasingly more demanding for environmental and human health and safety for each benchmark, with the hazard criteria of Benchmark 4 representing a safer chemical. 

Specify Hazard Criteria for Each Benchmark in the Green Screen... 

Each benchmark consists of a set of hazard criteria. The hazard criteria encompass a combination of hazards (section 4.1) and threshold values (section 4.2). Figure 2 details the hazard criteria a chemical (along with its... 

Benchmark 2 Use but Search for Substitutes. The hazard criteria for Benchmark 2 are ... 

The benchmark each chemical attains depends on the level of concern it triggers for environmental fate, ecotoxicity, and human health effects and how those levels of concern compare with the Green Screen hazard criteria detailed in Figure 2. Table 6 summarizes the hazards and levels of concern (high, moderate, low) that are most relevant to the benchmark achieved (see the "Reason for Benchmark" column). In addition, the "Benchmark Achieved/ Stopped by" column in Table 6 shows the benchmark achieved by the chemical and the benchmark criteria (e.g.,"1 (a)-PBT") that caused the chemical to stop at that benchmark. Below is a more detailed discussion of the reasons why each chemical attained its benchmark. 

The criteria for each benchmark become progressively more demanding for environmental and human health and safety, with the hazard criteria of Benchmark 4 representing the most preferred chemicals. 

Jensen J (1999) Terrestrial Hazard Classification of Toxic Substances A Study to Evaluate Specific Terrestrial Hazard Criteria Using Pesticide and Biocide Toxicity Data, ECBI/19/99 Add. 7. National Environment Research Institute, Silkeborg, Denmark EOOTPRINT (2008) The FOOTPRINT PESTICIDE PROPERTIES DATABASE, http //www.eu-footprint.org/ppdb.html. Accessed 17 Jan 2008 Belfroid AC, Van Drunen M, Beek MA, Schrap SM, Van Gestel CAM, Van Hattum B (1998) Sci Total Environ 222 167... 

Self-defense spray means an aerosol or non-pressurized device that (1) Is intended to have an irritating or incapacitating effect on a person or animal and (2) Meets no hazard criteria other than for Class 9 (for example, a pepper spray see 173.140(a) of this subchapter) and, for an aerosol. Division 2.1 or 2.2 (see 173.115 of this subchapter), except that it may contain not more than two percent by mass of a tear gas substance (e.g., chloroacetophenone (CN) or 0-chlorobenzylmalo[no]nitrile (CS) see 173.132(a)(2) of this subchapter.) US 171.8... 

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