Hazardous materials spills

Large Fans These could be used to dilute a vapor cloud below its LFL with ambient air (see, for example, Whiting and Shaffer, Feasi-bihty Study of Hazardous Vapor Amelioration Techniques, Proc. 1978 Nat. Conf. on Control of Hazardous Material Spills, USEPA, Miami Beach, April 1978). But caution must be exercised because the turbulence produced by fans will likely promote rapid combustion and a resulting UVCE unless vapors are diluted below the LFL. Nevertheless, in new plants, strategic placement of air coolers may provide enough air flow to reduce the risk of a UVCE. 

Hendershot, D. C. (1988). Risk Reduction Alternatives for Hazardous Material Storage. Proc. 1988 Hazardous Materials Spills Conference, May 16-19, 1988, Chicago, III., 611-618. New York American Institute of Chemical Engineers. 

The city s fire department now has 60 full-time employees, modern fire engines, foam-spraying trucks and other vehicles to combat hazardous materials spills and fires of all sizes. 

International safety conferences e.g. loss prevention in the process industries, amnifinia plant safety, and hazardous materials spills... 

Emergency line Hazardous Materials Spill Release,... 

Fatal accident rate Lost-time injury rate Capital cost of accidents Number of plant/community evacuations Cost of business interruption Cost of workers compensation claims Number of hazardous material spills (in excess of a threshold) Tonnage of hazardous material spilled Tonnage of air, water, liquid and solid effluent Tonnage of polluting materials released into the environment Employee exposure monitoring Number of work related sickness claims Number of regulatory citations and fines Ecological impact of operations (loss or restoration of biodiversity, species, habitats)... 

G. F. Bennett. F. S. Feates, and J. Wilder, Hazardous Materials Spills Ilaridihook, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1982. 

Fingas, M. (2002) (ed.) Handbook of Hazardous Materials Spills and Technology (McGraw-Hill). 

Dev, H., Bridges, J.E., and Sresty, G.C., Decontamination of hazardous waste substances from spills and uncontrolled waste sites by radio frequency in situ heating, in Hazardous Material Spills Conference Proceedings, Government Institutes, Rockville, MD, 1984. 

National Contingency Plan Created by CERCLA to define the federal response authority and responsibility for oil and hazardous materials spills. The regulations are codified at 40 CFR300. 

Greer JS, Griwatz GH. 1980, Ultimate disposal of hazardous materials by reaction with liquid sodium. Control of Hazardous Material Spills, Proceedings of the 1980 National Conference on Control of Hazardous Material Spills 1 416-20. 

First considered an environmental issue (e.g., hazardous materials spills contaminating the environmental media—air, water, and/or soil), chemical facility safety has been an issue of congressional interest for many years. Review of the historical incidents listed in sidebar 4.1 provides some perspective on the magnitude of the consequences that might result from terrorist attacks. Obviously, these incidents (and others) increase concern over the potential for release of toxic chemicals and the associated potential health impacts on surrounding areas. 

Curtis, M.W., Copeland, T.L., and Ward, C.H. Aquatic toxicity of substances proposed for spill prevention regulation, in Proceedings of the 1978 National Conference on Control of Hazardous Material Spills (Miami, FL Oil Spill Control Association of America, 1978), pp. 99-103. 

Acute effects often involve the central nervous system, because of the rapid absorption of the solvent from the lungs and direct distribution to the brain. The immediate effects may result in mild impairment of judgment or drowsiness. In most situations these effects are not serious and will end quickly once exposure stops. In some circumstances a slight lapse of judgment could be disastrous. A person responding to a hazardous material spill or perhaps a fire must take appropriate precautions to limit exposure to any solvents that could impair judgment and thus increase risk of injury. 

Otagawa, T. Sincali, A. Conf., J. Ludwigson, ed., j. 1984 Proc. Hazardous Materials Spills... 

Specific foams have been developed for use in vapor suppression and the reactivity mitigation of hazardous material spills. While they have been found to be effective on specific materials (Norman, 1987), such foams are no longer manufactured for commercial sale because of a lack of consumer demand. The foam presently recognized as today s prime vapor suppressant is a universal foam, a special type of AFFF with a biosynthesized polymer. Typically proportioned at 3%, this foam is appropriate for use on hydrocarbons, polar solvents, and other hazardous materials (Chubb National Foam, 1992a). 

When considering the application of foam to hazardous material spills, key requirements include an adequate water supply, the foam concentrate, appropriate proportioning equipment, piping, foam makers, and discharge devices and protective equipment for the personnel involved. Activation may be automatic, but in most cases it is manual. There are four types of application systems. They include fixed, semifixed, mobile, and portable (NFPA 11, 1988). 

Greer, J. S., and S. S. Gross. 1980. The Practicality of Controlling Vapor Released from Spills of Volatile Chemicals through Cooling Control of Hazardous Material Spills. Proceedings of National Conference, pp. 130-133. Nashville, TN Vanderbilt University. 

Norman, E. C. 1987. A Guide to the Use of Foam on Hazardous Material Spills. Hazardous Materials and Waste Management Magazine, Sept/Oct. 

Bailey RE, Crain RM, Goergen MG. 1982. Cleanup and monitoring procedures for a methylene chloride and 1,1,1-trichloroethane spill at Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan. In Proceedings of Hazardous Material Spills Conference, 28-36. 

Stonebraker RD, Smith JR. 1980. Containment and treatment of a mixed chemical discharge from "The Valley ofthe Drums" near Louisville, KY. In Proceedings of National Conference of Control Hazard Material Spills, Nashville, TN, 1-10. 

Tooele County agrees to provide reciprocal information regarding the PAD made by Tooele County officials, including traffic access and control, evacuation routes, designated reception centers and other evacuee support, etc. Periodic updates will be provided, along with available infonnation on any activities that could affect safe evacuation from the installation and surrounding off-post communities, such as train derailments, major traffic accidents, hazardous materials spills, etc. 

Reid, R.C, et al. The Properties of Gases and Liquids. 4th ed. New York McGraw-Hill, 1987 137 Koopman, R.P., et al. A Review of Recent Work in Atmospheric Dispersion of Large Spills. In 1988 Hazardous Material Spills Conference. American Instimte of Chemical Engineers and National Response Team, 1988 457, 464. 

Containment, Treatment, and Disposal Hazardous Material Spills Management of large, complex spill incident with possible long-term impacts on public. 

Health Effects and Safety Hazardous Material Spills... 

Curtis M, Curran C, and Ward C, Aquatic toxicity testing as fundament for a spill prevention program, in Control of Hazardous Material Spills Proceedings of the 1980 National Conference, Nashville, TN, USA, 1980, p. 284. 

Exner, J.H. Erikson, D.G. Cibulskis, R. Keffer, W.D. in "1984 Hazardous Material Spills Conference Proceedings," Ludwigson, J., Ed., Government Institutes, Inc., Rockville,... 

Examples of organic compounds in hazardous material spills and cleaned up with the use of activated carbon treatment, adapted from [2]... 

Fingas M (ed) (2002) The handbook of hazardous materials spills technology. New York... 

Benedict, B. A. (1978). Analytical models for toxic spills. Proc, Natl. Conf. Control Hazardous Material Spills, 1978 pp. 439-443. 

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