Measurement gross

Barnett et al. (1994) define outliers as the observations in a sample which appear to be inconsistent with the remainder of the sample. In engineering applications, an outlier is often the result of gross measurement error. This includes a mistake in the calculations or in data coding or even a copying error. An outlier could also be the result of inherent variability of the process although chances are it is not ... 

Anthropometric measurements are gross measurements of body cell mass used to evaluate LBM and fat stores. The most common measurements are weight, height, limb size (e.g., skinfold thickness and midarm muscle, wrist, and waist circumferences), and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). 

While the earlier studies in chemical ecology of mammals were preoccupied with relatively gross measurements (e.g., presence or absence of a chemi-cal/pheromone in an olfactory stimulus), the new quantitative capabilities make it now imperative to evaluate more accurately the volatile compound ratios or patterns under different biological circumstances. 

We deal with two types of numbers in chemistry—exact and measured. Exact values are just that—exact, by definition. There is no uncertainty associated with them. There are exactly 12 items in a dozen and 144 in a gross. Measured values, like the ones you deal with in the lab, have uncertainty associated with them because of the limitations of our measuring instruments. When those measured values are used in calculations, the answer must reflect that combined uncertainty by the number of significant figures that are reported in the final answer. The more significant figures reported, the greater the certainty in the answer. 

There are many recommended sampling protocols (Table 6.2). The sampling methods used for petroleum hydrocarbons are generally thought of as methods for determination of the total petroleum hydrocarbons. In part due to the complexity of the components of the total petroleum hydrocarbons fractions, little is known about their potential for health or environmental impacts. As gross measures of petroleum contamination, the total petroleum hydrocarbons data simply show that petroleum hydrocarbons are present in the sampled media. Measured total petroleum hydrocarbons values suggest the relative potential for human exposure and therefore the relative potential for human health effects. 

Two reports based on rather gross measuring techniques found a close correlation between ozone uptake and transpiration. These studies indicated that stomatal control is the prime factor in controlling pollutant uptake and that cuticular sorption is negligible in relation to stomatal absorption. These findings are generally supported by past work that indicates that stomata are the prime sites of pollutant entry... 

Filter paper Particulate Co, U, Pu Gross measurement and/or spectrum analysis of a, j3, 7 radiation. Fluorescence analysis. 

We may look at atomic clusters as particularly apt and useful models to study virtually every aspect of what we call, diffusely, complexity. Simulations are particularly powerful means to carry out such studies. For example, we can follow trajectories for very long times with molecular dynamics and thereby evaluate the global means of the exponential rates of divergence of neighboring trajectories. This is the most common way to evaluate those exponents, the Liapunov exponents. The sum of these is the Kolmogorov entropy, one gross measure of the volume of phase space that the system explores, and hence one... 

Petroleum products are an integral part of our modern lives. It is nearly impossible to avoid exposure to hydrocarbons from petroleum products, whether it is from gasoline fumes at the pump, spilled crankcase oil on asphalt, solvents used at home or work, or pesticide applications that use petroleum products as carriers. There are concerns with both short-term (accidents) and long-term exposures to petroleum hydrocarbons (e.g., contaminated drinking water). Gross measures of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) in soil or water are not particularly valuable for assessing either the potential for exposure to TPH or the impacts of such exposure on public health. This chapter addresses questions related to the first point what are the levels of contamination in the environment, what happens to petroleum hydrocarbons in the environment, and what is the likelihood that individuals or populations will be exposed to petroleum hydrocarbons at levels thought to be of concern ... 

Where a disease group shows a mean level above these limits or some definite pattern of response, there may be some useful clinical application. As stated in Section 3.2, an increase of IgM by only 50 /ig/100 ml could have serious results and be undetectable by gross measurement i.e., normal results do not necessarily exclude important immune reactions. 

Example 8-5 A hydrogenation catalyst is prepared by soaking alumina particles (100 to 150 mesh size) in aqueous NiNOj solution. After drying and reduction, the particles contain about 7 wt % NiO. This catalyst is then made into large cylindrical pellets for rate studies. The gross measurements for one pellet are... 

A routine WBC count with differential can determine the total lymphocyte count. Total lymphocyte count has been used as ameasure of nutritional status because this changes rapidly with nutrient loss or repletion. This is a relatively gross measure of a patient s immune status, although it has been correlated with patient outcome and risk of infection. 

Methods of measuring film thickness are treated in the following sections according to the basic principles on which they depend. Cases in which the thickness of the lubricant film can be determined by gross measurement of the gap between the bounding surfaces or by gross displacement of these surfaces will be excluded as too obvious to require discussion. 

The indene bioconversion network proposed for Rhodococcus sp. KYI (Fig. 4) using the induction studies with radiolabeled indene can be used to write five independent mass balances to describe six intracellular fluxes (Table 3). This yields an underdetermined system for the fluxes of the KYI network requiring that at least one flux be directly measured to calculate uniquely the remaining network fluxes. It is further desirable to measure directly additional fluxes to generate redundancies that can be used to confirm the structure of the proposed bioreaction network, validate the flux estimates, and help detect gross measurement errors, if present. 

Plots of EM vs. the carboxylate-carbonyl distances in the ester substrates, taken as a gross measure of their size, are shown in Figure 8.1. It is apparent that the dinuclear catalyst 14-Ba2, in which the azacrown units are linked to vicinal positions of the calix[4] arene scaffold, is not only far superior to its diagonal regioisomer 15-Ba2 in all cases, but it is also superior to 16-Ba2 in the reactions of esters 18-20. The EM profile shows that the catalytic efficiency of 14-Ba2 reaches its maximum value in the reaction of ester 19, and drops to a very low value in the reaction of the longest ester 21. This indicates that 14-Ba2 cannot expand its intermetal distance to fit the long carboxylate-carbonyl distance in 21. In conclusion, reactivity data obtained for the various catalyst-substrate combinations indeed show that a close fit of ester size to metal-to-metal distance is an important prerequisite for catalysis. However, the marked superiority of 14-Ba2 over... 

Recently, Lane et al. (1982) have evaluated the role of ammo acid neurotransmitters m an animal model of anxiety and have been able to demonstrate very few changes m the content of ammo acids in twenty rat brain areas. Such results suggest several options (1) ammo acids may be unimportant in animal models of anxiety, (2) behavioral manipulations may affect small physiologically functional pools of ammo acid neurotransmitters whose fluctuations are not readily detectable by gross measurement of ammo acid pools or (3) physiologically relevant modifications in behavior may not be expected to modify steady-state kinetics, but may affect the rate of utilization of the amino acids. In further evaluations of amino acid dynamics. Lane et al. (1982) have been able to demonstrate numerous changes m the utilization of various amino acid neurotransmitters, emphasizing the utility of dynamic measurements over tissue content alone. 

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