Gasoline and Diesel Fuels

Gasoline is a highly flammable fuel having a flash point of approximately -35°F. Handling, storage, and 

Guidelines for gasoline or diesel lift truck fuels include the following  

A warehouse in Chicago had several battery powered lift trucks break down and a gasoline-powered lift truck from another warehouse was brought in on the back of the flatbed truck. By noon, nine employees became ill as a result of CO poisoning even though it was summer and the bay doors were open. Two of the nine employees missed several days of work because of their illnesses. 

Despite the type of fuel or power used on lift trucks, safety precautions must be in place. Each source of power has both positive and negative points. Battery-powered vehicles do not produce carbon monoxide but can expose employees to sulfuric acid, the danger of explosion, electricity from chargers, and back injuries from pulling or pushing batteries into place. 

Gasoline, propane, and diesel fuel all produce carbon monoxide gases gasoline is the most dangerous for CO problems. All of these internal combustion fuels can burn gasoline and propane are also explosive. 

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Coley, T.R. (1989), Diesel fuel additives influencing flow and storage properties . In Gasoline and diesel fuel additives (Owen, K. Ed.). John Wiley. 

Nelson, O.L., R.W. Krumm, R.S. Fein, D.D. Fuller, G.K. Rightmire and G.E, Ducker (1989), "A broad spectrum, non metallic additive for gasoline and diesel fuels performance in gasoline engines". SAE paper No. 89-0214, fnt. Congress, Detroit, MI. 

Methanol. If methanol is to compete with conventional gasoline and diesel fuel it must be readily available and inexpensively produced. Thus methanol production from a low-cost feed stock such as natural gas [8006-14-2] or coal is essential (see Feedstocks). There is an abundance of natural gas (see Gas, natural) woddwide and reserves of coal are even greater than those of natural gas. 

If 10% of the U.S. gasoline consumption were replaced by methanol for a twenty year period, the required reserves of natural gas to support that methanol consumption would amount to about one trillion m (36 TCF) or twice the 1990 annual consumption. Thus the United States could easily support a substantial methanol program from domestic reserves. However, the value of domestic natural gas is quite high. Almost all of the gas has access through the extensive pipeline distribution system to industrial, commercial, and domestic markets and the value of gas in these markets makes methanol produced from domestic natural gas uncompetitive with gasoline and diesel fuel, unless oil prices are very high. 

Methanol use would also reduce pubHc exposure to toxic hydrocarbons associated with gasoline and diesel fuel, including ben2ene, 1,3-butadiene, diesel particulates, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Although pubHc formaldehyde exposures might increase from methanol use in garages and tunnels, methanol use is expected to reduce overall pubHc exposure to toxic air contaminants. 

Skin contact with methanol may present a greater health threat than skin contact with gasoline and diesel fuel and is being evaluated. 

Alternative fuels fall into two general categories. The first class consists of fuels that are made from sources other than cmde oil but that have properties the same as or similar to conventional motor fuels. In this category are fuels made from coal and shale (see Fuels, synthetic). In the second category are fuels that are different from gasoline and diesel fuel and which require redesigned or modified engines. These include methanol (see Alcohol fuels), compressed natural gas (CNG), and Hquefted petroleum gas (LPG). 

Additional gasoline and diesel fuel can be produced through further refining, such as hydrocracking or catalytic cracking of the wax product. 

Remediation of groundwater impacted by dense phase chlorinated solvents is more difficult than spills of chemicals such as gasoline or diesel fuel. Gasoline and diesel fuel are less dense than water and tend to float near the surface of the watertable. 

In the United States, the leading use of alternative fuels is not as standalone fuels, but as additives to petroleum-based gasoline and diesel fuel. For example, gasoline sold m much of the United States is 10 percent ethanol or 10 percent methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE). 

Natural-gas-dcrived fuels arc the most cost-competitive because natural gas does not need to be refined like gasoline and diesel fuel from petroleum (Figure 1). Ethanol, a heavily subsidized alternative fuel, is not as cost-competitive as natural-gas-dcrived fuels. If not for the subsidies and environmental reg-... 

The development and blending of additives is undertaken for the most part by the petroleum refining industiy. Additives are essential to the economic well-being of the mdusti y because they tend to boost sales for gasoline and diesel fuel. In most cases, additives do not differ in price by more than three to four cents a gallon. The recently developed additives do... 

Most of the early commercialization used coal as the synthesis gas feed-stock. Use of stranded natural gas feed to a F-T refineiy was finally innovated by Shell-Mitsubishi in a small, 10,000 bbl per day refin-eiy in Sarawak, Malaysia in 1993. F-T liquids are refined in the usual manner to produce gasoline and diesel fuel/kerosene of veiy high quality. 

The passage of the Clean Air Act Amendment (CAAA) on November 15, 1990, started a process for regulating the composition and quality of gasoline and diesel fuels sold in the United States. The CAAA s intent was to improve the nation s air quality by reducing ozone and other air pollutants. Title II of the CAAA requires the manufacture and sale of cleaner fuels in order to reduce evaporative and combustible emission of ... 

Gasoline. Mixis with gasoline and diesel fuel were found to be powerful, but sens expls (Ref 26)... 

The DMFC is the most attractive type of fuel cell as a powerplant for electric vehicles and as a portable power source, because methanol is a liquid fuel with values for the specific energy and energy density being about equal to half those for liquid hydrocarbon fuels (gasoline and diesel fuel). 

EPA (2005). Emission facts Average carbon dioxide emissions resulting from gasoline and diesel fuel. Calculation CO2 emissions, http //epa.gov/oms/climate/420f05001.htm. (accessed 23.10.10). 

Steam extraction has been used for gasoline and diesel fuel. High-molecular-weight components of the diesel fuel cannot be removed easily, although a total removal of up to 91% is possible. When used to remove low-volatility compounds in a soil with a high percentage of clay, performance is expected to be ca. 85%. The mobile in situ steam extraction system can reduce VOCs in soils by more than 50% of their initial level. Based on pilot studies, the stationary steam extraction system is expected to have a 90% removal efficiency.54... 

Selected Properties of the Motor Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Refined from Fe-HTFT Syncrude and Coal Liquids at Sasol 2, Which Were Marketed as Final Products in South Africa in the 1980s... 

When comparing the refined motor gasoline and diesel fuel produced in the Hydrocol Fe-HTFT refinery (Tables 18.6 and 18.7) with those obtained from the original Sasol 2 and 3 Fe-HTFT refinery (Table 18.9), there is surprisingly little difference in quality. The crude oil refining approach followed for Sasol 2 and 3 resulted in a more complex and costly refinery design to achieve essentially the same product quality as the Hydrocol refinery. 

Petroleum, natural gas, and synthetic fuels are excluded from the definition of a hazardous substance, and the definitions of pollutants and contaminants under CERCLA this is known as the Petroleum Exclusion. Although the EPA has the authority to regulate the release or threatened release of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant, the release of petroleum, natural gas, and synthetic fuels from active or abandoned pits or other land disposal units is currently exempt from CERCLA. Such sites cannot use Superfund dollars for cleanup, nor can the EPA enforce an oil and gas operator, landowner, or other individual to clean up a release under CERCLA. Substances exempt include such materials as brine, crude oil, and refined products (i.e., gasoline and diesel fuel) and fractions. 

Fuels such as gasoline and diesel fuels, aviation and marine fuels, and fuel oils ... 

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