CANDU 6 reactor

The GANDU Reactors. The Canadian deuterium uranium (CANDU) reactors are unique among power reactors in several respects. Heavy water is used as moderator natural uranium having 235u... 

CANDU-9 is the next generation of CANDUs. It is a larger version of the CANDU producing 870 MWe, the CANDU-9 to complement the mid-size CANDU-6 with updated proven technology, a modified CANDU-6 station layout, improved construction methods and operational features. Standardization, a feature of CANDU reactors, is emphasized in CANDU-9 in the key components (steam generators, coolant pumps, pressure tubes, etc.) being the same design as those proven in service at CANDU power stations. 

Some nuclear fission reactors are designed to use natural uranium having 0.7 percent and 99.3 percent CANDU reactors, manufactured in... 

Deuterium, 8 456—485 13 759. See also Canadian Deuterium Uranium (CANDU) reactors analytical methods, 8 467-468 economic aspects, 8 467 health and safety factors, 8 461-462 physical properties, 8 457-462, 459t production of heavy water, 8 459t, 462-467... 

Fuel Recycle. Although the commercial CANDU reactors use the once-through natural uranium fuel cycle, it has been recognized for many years (22) that exceptional uranium utilization could be... 

AECL has evaluated some of the basic information and development requirements in some detail (24, 25) and has outlined the type of fuel recycle development program which would be required. It would involve research and development of thorium fuels and fuel fabrication methods, reprocessing, demonstration of fuel management techniques and physics characteristics in existing CANDU reactors and demonstration of technology in health, safety, environmental, security and economics aspects of fuel recycle. 

Hatcher, S.R., Banerjee, S, Lane, A.D, Tamm, H., Veeder,J.I. "Thorium Cycle in Heavy Water Moderated Pressure Tube (CANDU) Reactors" American Nuclear Society Meeting, San Francisco AECL-5398, 1975... 

All over the world, 432 nuclear power reactors are under operation and more than 36 GW of electricity could be produced as of December 31, 2001. There are several types of reactors such as boiling water reactor (BWR), pressurized water reactor (PWR), Canada deuterium uranium (CANDU), and others. In these reactors, light water is normally used not only as a coolant, but also as a moderator. On the contrary, in CANDU reactors, heavy water is taken. It is widely known that the quality control of coolant water, the so-called water chemistry, is inevitably important for keeping the integrity of the plant. 

These lines are also drawn in Fig. 1. It is clear that the agreement is quite nice. Similar fitting equations in heavy water for CANDU reactors were also obtained [19]. Furthermore, temperature-dependence measurements with fast neutrons and high LET ion beams were also investigated [20,23]. 

CANDU Reactor A pressurized heavy-water, natural-uranium power reactor designed by a consortium of Canadian government and private industry participants. CANDU utilizes natural, unenriched uranium oxide as fuel. Because unenriched uranium is cheaper, this kind of reactor is attractive to developing countries. The fuel is contained in hundreds of tubes that are pressure resistant. This means that a tube can be refueled while the reactor is operating. CANDU is a registered trademark of the CANDU consortium. 

Hopwood, J.M., et al. (2003), Advanced CANDU Reactor An Optimized Energy Source of Oil Sands Application , GENES4/ANP2003 Conference, Japan, September, Paper 1199. 

Beamer, N.V. et. ah, Conditioning CANDU reactor wastes for disposal management of radioactive waste from nuclear power plants. In Proceedings of a Seminar, Karlsruhe, 1981, International Atomic Energy Agency, lAEA-TECDOC 276, Vienna, 1983. 

The capital cost of nuclear fission will have dropped significantly— especially compared with that of the then-dinosaur-technology coal-fired generation. (As one example, today the capital costs of Advanced Candu Reactors are in the range of 1000 per kilowatt [kW]—about the same as coal-fired plants.) But since the operating cost of a nuclear power plant will always be a small fraction of that for a coal-fired power plant, the energy currencies from nuclear plants will be lower. 

Oil sands upgrading to the synthetic crude by adding nuclear hydrogen produced by advanced CANDU reactor (J. Hopwood - AECL, Ref. 7). 

AECL is developing a supercritical heavy water moderated nuclear reactor (SCWR) [2] based on its successful CANDU reactor system currently deployed around the world. Since the Mark 2 [2] version of the heavy water moderated SCWR can satisfy the temperature requirements of the hybrid Cu-Cl cycle, AECL is collaborating with ANL in the development of this cycle. Also, AECL is particularly interested in this process since some of its hydrogen-economy related technologies are a good match for the developmental needs of this process, in particular for the development of the electrochemical step involved. 

N.J. Spinks, N. Pontikakis and R.B. Duffey, Thermo-Economic Assessment of Advanced, High-Temperature CANDU Reactors , Proceedings of ICONE 10, 10 International Conference on Nuclear Engineering, Arlington, VA, April 14-18, 2002. 

There are many different types of reactors. In the United States, the majority of the reactors are pressurized water reactors with graphite moderators. The Canadians built the CANDU reactor using heavy water as both moderator and coolant. Naval ship reactors are graphite moderated liquid metal cooled reactors. The detailed differences between the reactor types will not be examined, but the operating principal common to all will be discussed. 

The loss of neutrons to non-fissile absorption represents a significant problem for the reactor designer, particularly near the end of the reactor run, when the fuel is starting to become used up. While very careful attention to neutron economy may allow a reactor to be designed to run on natural uranium (e.g. the UK s Magnox and Canada s CANDU reactors), most commercial reactors use enriched uranium as the fuel. 

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