Natural gas fuel

Partial Oxidation. It is often desirable to augment the supply of naturally occurring or by-product gaseous fuels or to produce gaseous fuels of well-defined composition and combustion characteristics (5). This is particularly tme in areas where the refinery fuel (natural gas) is in poor supply and/or where the manufacture of fuel gases, originally from coal and more recently from petroleum, has become well estabHshed. 

Fuel. Natural gas is used as a primary fuel and source of heat energy throughout the iadustrialized countries for a broad range of residential, commercial, and iadustrial appHcations. The methane and other hydrocarbons react readily with oxygen to release heat by forming carbon dioxide and water through a series of kinetic steps that results ia the overall reaction,... 

Nonrenewable energy sources include the fossil fuels (natural gas,... 

Atmospheric particulate emissions can be reduced by choosing cleaner fuels. Natural gas used as fuel emits negligible amounts of particulate matter. Oil-based processes also emit significantly fewer particulates than coal-fired combustion processes. Low-ash fossil fuels contain less noncombustible, ash-forming mineral matter and thus generate lower levels of particulate emissions. Lighter distillate oil-based combustion results in lower levels of particulate emissions than heavier residual oils. However, the choice of fuel is usually influenced by economic as well as environmental considerations. 

Fig. B.4 (after Davidson and Keeley [5]) shows values of A plotted against thermal efficiency for a high carbon fuel (coal) and a lower carbon fuel (natural gas). It illustrates that one obvious route towards a desired low production of this greenhouse gas is to seek high thermal efficiency (another is to use lower carbon fuel).

Table 2 shows some safety-related physical properties of hydrogen as compared to two commonly accepted fuels, natural gas and gasoline. 

Caseous fuel Natural gas Coal gas Producer gas Water gas... 

As an engine fuel, natural gas can be used either in a compressed form as compressed natural gas (CNG) or in a liquid form as liquefied natural gas (LNG). The major difference between compressed natural gas... 

Other important natural sources of organic chemicals are the so-called fossil fuels - natural gas, petroleum, and coal - all deposited in the earth from the decay of plant and animal remains, and containing thousands of degradation products. Most of these are simple compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen (technically and even reasonably known as hydrocarbons). Natural gas is relatively simple... 

For many applications, hydrogen is the most convenient fuel, but it is not a primary fuel, so that it has to be produced from different sources water, fossil fuels (natural gas, hydrocarbons, etc.), biomass resources and so on. Moreover, the clean production of hydrogen (including the limitation of carbon dioxide production) and the difficulties with its storage and large-scale distribution are still strong limitations for the development of such techniques [2, 3]. In this context, other fuels, particularly those, like alcohols, which are liquid at ambient temperature and pressure, are more convenient due to the ease of their handling and distribution. 

Small reformers R D areas include compact and low cost reformers (1-5 kW) to convert fossil fuels (natural gas, gasoline) or biomass fuels (ethanol) to hydrogen via different processes (steam reforming, partial oxidation, auto-thermal, non catalytic hybrid steam reforming). Improvements in reformer efficiency, capacities and response times, and integration of purification unit are also being studied. Examples of projects include ... 

Internal combustion engines (ICEs) are commonly used to drive many mechanical devices. However, they are very complex mechanical devices themselves. ICEs are used in cars, trucks, construction equipment, and many other devices. They can be fueled by gasoline, diesel fuel, natural gas, or other combustible fossil fuels. 

The main advantage of natural gas is that it burns cleanly, producing only carbon dioxide and water. Of all the fossil fuels, natural gas is considered the cleanest form of energy. It emits less sulfur, carbon, and nitrogen when burned than coal or oil and it leaves almost no solid ash particles. 

The heart of a furnace black production plant is the furnace in which the carbon black is formed. The feedstock is injected, usually as an atomized spray, into a high-temperature and high-energy density zone, which is achieved by burning a fuel (natural gas or oil) with air. The oxygen, which is in excess with respect to the fuel, is not sufficient for the complete combustion of the feedstock, which, therefore is for the most part pyrolyzed to form carbon black at temperatures of 1200-1900 °C. 

Numerous other entries 111 this volume take the energy /pollution interface into consideration. These include Air Catalytic Converter (Internal Combustion Engine) Combustion (Fuels) Energy Fuel Hydrogen (Fuel) Natural Gas Nuclear Power Technology Oil Shale and Tar Sands. 

To be practical as a transportation fuel, natural gas must be compressed or liquefied to decrease its storage volume. In the U.S., the three common pressures for... 

Hetland J., Advantages of Natural Gas Over Other Fossil Fuels. Natural Gas Technologies, Opportunities and Development Aspects, OPET-Intemational Workshop Papers, Vaasa, Finland, May, 2002... 

Natural gas Gaseous hydrocarbons that are used as fuel. Natural gas is primarily methane, although other gaseous hydrocarbons (ethane and propane) may be present (compare with petroleum and oil). 

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