Formulation requirements

Triazole derivatives (diniconazole-M, epoxiconazole, fluhinconazole etc.) are widely used in agricultural practice as fungicides. The low application rates of these formulations require specific conditions for identification of residual quantities in different objects. 

In all the applications where silicones are used, the design of the polymer reactivity and the composition of the formulation require the development chemist to thoroughly understand both silicone chemistry and adhesion phenomena. 

The Clean Air Act Amendment (CAAA), passed in November 1990, has set new quality standards for U.S. gasoUne. A complete discussion of the new gasoline formulation requirements can be found in Chapter 10. 

Since the amphoterics have far greater lime soap dispersing power than the anionics, an amphoteric LSDA-soap formulation requires less LSD A and tolerates sodium sulfate in the following soap-LSDA formulation [29]. 

Initial hydrolysis would therefore lead to further hydrolysis and pH drop in storage tanks, resulting in a product that is difficult to recover and may cause irreparable damage (corrosion) in tanks, pipelines, and pumps. Therefore the pH must be kept high (9-11) to avoid acid material entering bulk storage (steep titration curve). If for product formulation requirements a product of pH 6-7 is essential, the use of buffers, e.g., phosphoric acid or citric acid, is recommended. 

P Heda. A comparative study of the formulation requirements of dosator and dosing disc encapsulators. Simulation of plug formation, and creation of rules for an expert system for formulation design. PhD dissertation, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 1998. 

In this chapter, state sequence network (SSN) representation has been presented. Based on this representation, a continuous-time formulation for scheduling of multipurpose batch processes is developed. This representation involves states only, which are characteristic of the units and tasks present in the process. Due to the elimination of tasks and units which are encountered in formulations based on the state task network (STN), the SSN based formulation leads to a much smaller number of binary variables and fewer constraints. This eventually leads to much shorter CPU times as substantiated by both the examples presented in this chapter. This advantage becomes more apparent as the problem size increases. In the second literature example, which involved a multipurpose plant producing two products, this formulation required 40 binary variables and gave a performance index of 1513.35, whilst other continuous-time formulations required between 48 (Ierapetritou and Floudas, 1998) and 147 binary variables (Zhang, 1995). 

Of the formulated requirements, the glass transition temperature (7 g) of a sensor polymer must be below room temperature, otherwise the polymer should be plasticized... 

The most important UV/VIS applications have been in the fields of color measurement and color matching, areas of great importance to the dye, paint, paper, textile, and printing industries. The pharmaceutical industry has similar interests in that the use of coloring agents in formulations requires specification. Reflectance spectroscopy has been used, however, by a number of workers to study the kinetics and mechanisms associated with a variety of reactions that were found to take place in the solid state. 

Low Tinting Strength - The zinc borate has a refractive index similar to most organic polymers, which results in the retention of considerable translucency. This provides for easy visual inspection of the finished products and allows the use of lower pigment loadings in formulations requiring deep shades. 

High-protein formulations have a nonprotein calorie-nitrogen ratio of less than 125 1. Candidates for these formulations require more than 1.5 g of protein/kg/day and are generally critically ill because of trauma, burns, pressure sores, surgical wounds, or high fistula output. 

Formulating the problem is perhaps the most crucial step in optimization. Problem formulation requires identifying the essential elements of a conceptual or verbal statement of a given application and organizing them into a prescribed mathematical form, namely,... 

The frameworks approach also works at the level of problem domain models. The ideal approach is to formulate requirements themselves in a modular fashion by using model frameworks and plugging in the specifics for your problem implementing a code framework solution to the generic problem specification and specializing that implementation framework to construct your system. A typical system consists of numerous such code frameworks and demands careful use of component-based techniques—such as event protocols across frameworks—so that the parts work together correctly. 

Developed frameworks are applied to the specific industry problem to monthly plan a global chemical commodity value chain by volumes and values. Sub-objectives are to elaborate characteristics and planning requirements for a global commodity value chain in the chemical industry and to develop, implement and evaluate the respective model. Research question 2 is directed to a real industry case study demonstrating the real existence of formulated requirements, showing the applicability of the developed model in reality and evaluating the model using industry data. 

C. Analytical-deductive Global Value Chain Planning Model Model development for formulated requirements... 

The introduced methods can be used in a value chain planning model. A model - derived from the Latin word modellus meaning measure - is a focused representation of reality focusing on problem-relevant aspects and their functional relations (Teich 2002, p. 219). The model applies reference, optimization, simulation and/or analysis and visualization methods to support decisions based on formulated requirements. 

Concluding, planning-related literature so far addresses many requirements areas by covering formulated requirements partly (s. table 14). 

So, the global value chain planning model covers the formulated requirements as illustrated in fig. 108. 

Detailed modeling study of practical sprays has a fairly short history due to the complexity of the physical processes involved. As reviewed by O Rourke and Amsden, 3l() two primary approaches have been developed and applied to modeling of physical phenomena in sprays (a) spray equation approach and (b) stochastic particle approach. The first step toward modeling sprays was taken when a statistical formulation was proposed for spray analysis. 541 Even with this simplification, however, the mathematical problem was formidable and could be analyzed only when very restrictive assumptions were made. This is because the statistical formulation required the solution of the spray equation determining the evolution of the probability distribution function of droplet locations, sizes, velocities, and temperatures. The spray equation resembles the Boltzmann equation of gas dynamics[542] but has more independent variables and more complex terms on its right-hand side representing the effects of nucleations, collisions, and breakups of droplets. 

Many immediate-release tablets or disintegrating dosages can be dissolved directiy as intact entities however, most formulations require some grinding or rongh crnshing to ensnre complete extraction in a timely fashion. 

This very compact formulation requires some further precision. In my view, statement 2 has the firmest foundation. Whenever the evolution is effectively... 

Methyl acetoacetate is reported (696) to yield the triazine (XCV R = H) as main product (85%), the pyrimidine being the by-product, of probable structure (XCIX) rather than (XCIV R = H). However, in view of the opposite conclusion in the case of the condensation of ethyl acetoacetate and substituted biguanides (see above), this formulation requires careful confirmation. 

Formulation Requirements. In order to penetrate the mass of fiber at one end of the bundle, the formulation must have sufficiently low viscosity to move easily through the bundle completely wetting all fiber surface area. Typically, formulations of viscosity less than 8000 poises have been successful. Too low viscosity or too rapid delivery of the formulation can result in the occlusion of air and the ultimate development of voids with loss of mechanical integrity. Our process demands that formulation be delivered and partially cured to an intermediate plateau termed green state. This requires a minimum pot life of 30 minutes after blending of resin and curative. The physical chemistry of the composite membrane requires that the initial exotherm not exceed approximately 150 C. 

Table 5.2 Factors to be considered when deciding whether a new formulation requires a study to estabUsh bioequivalence ...

TYPES OF FILLING MACHINES AND THEIR FORMULATION REQUIREMENTS... 

The most common scale-up problems are related to bulk density, powder flow, compactibility, and lubricant distribution. Therefore, any discussion of the issues of scaling-up capsule Ailing must take into account the design and operating principles of Ailing machines and their formulation requirements. 

A successful filling operation with these machines requires formulation attributes similar to those of dosator machines. Formulations require cohesiveness, and fillers that have been modified to enhance both their... 

Heda PK, Muteba, K, Augsburger LL. Comparison of the formulation requirements of dosator and dosing disc automatic capsule filling machines. AAPS Pharm Sci, 2002 4(3) article 17 DOI 10.1208/ps040317. http //www.aapsi. psj.org/view.asp art = ps040317... 

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