Short History

As a result of EPA s role under the IRAA, the radon programs that EPA administers are all advisory, and while EPA is a valuable source of information on radon measurement, control, and mitigation, none of its programs are mandatory. Some of the states have used the information developed under the IRAA to develop mandatory programs, which are briefly outlined at the end of this chapter. 

Radon is a substance that poses a threat of lung cancer. It is produced when radium, a naturally occurring substance, breaks down. Radium is present in a variety of substances, including soil and rock. When those substances are used in building materials, radon gas can be emitted into the indoor air. Radon can also enter the indoor air from adjacent soil or rock. Radon is odorless, colorless, and tasteless. Testing is the only way to determine whether or not a home contains radon.  

United States General Accounting Office Report, Indoor Air Pollution An Emerging Health Problem, CED-80-111, 4 (Sept. 24, 1980) [hereinafter Emerging Health Problem]. 

Home Buyer s and Seller s Guide to Radon, 402-K-06-093, 1, (Nov. 2006), available at http //www.epa.gov/radon/pubs/hmbyguid.html. 

EPA and Conference of Radiation Control Directors, Office of Radiation Program, Summary of State Radon Programs, 7 (Aug. 1987) [hereinafter State Summary]. 

1936 Turing Formalized concept of computability universal turing machine 

1948 von Neumann Abstracted the logical structure of life introduced self-reproducing automata as a means towards developing a reductionist biology 

1950 Ulam Proposed need for having more realistic models for the behavior of complex extended systems 

1967 von Bertalanffy, et al System theory applied to human systems 

1969 Zuse Introduced concept of computing spaces, or digital models of mechanics 

Although the use of alumina as implants can be traced back to the 1930s as described by Hulbert et al. (1) (Table 5.1), the extensive use of alumina since the 1980s has depended on new powder processing technology enabling grain size reduction of the sintered ceramics from 10 micrometers 

Handbook of Biomaterial Properties. Edited by J. Black and G. Hastings. Published in 1998 by Chapman Hall, London. ISBN 0 412 60330 6. 

Dental implants of polycrystalline alumina were suggested by Sandhaus in Germany (4). Type Tubingen was produced by Frialit in the 1970s. These devices have not been generally accepted, due to the fracture failure of the implants, particularly for those of polycrystalline type produced in 

1963 First orthopaedic bone substitute application Smith (3) 

1970 French hip prosthesis Alumina ceramic ball and Boutin (5)  

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L. F. Haber, The Chemical Industry during the Nineteenth Century, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1958, 292 pp. T. K. Derry and T. 1. Williams, A Short History of Chemical Technology, Oxford University Press, Oxford, I960, 782 pp. 

Dickinson, H. W. (1939). A Short History of the Steam Engine. Cambridge, Eng. Cambridge University Press. 

O Dea, W. T. (1958). A Short History of Lighting. London HMSO, Ministiy of Education, Science Museum. 

Asimov, I. (1965). A Short History of Chemistry. Garden Cicy, NY Dnuhlcday. 

Smith, E. C. (1937). A Short History of Naval and Marine Engineering. Cambridge, England Babcock and Wilcox. 

Despite the relatively short history of the chemistry of fluoride compounds, several thousands of binary and ternary fluoride compounds have been described, and their systematization is well developed [39 - 41]. Significant progress was achieved in the study of the crystal chemistry of fluoride compounds thanks to the ionic character of their chemical bonds and corresponding simplicity of their ciystal structure. The structure of these kinds of compounds is defined primarily by the geometry and the energy of mainly... 

Transient social use, characteri2ed by a short history of use in social situations, occurring mainly among individuals of average intelhgence who are age 10—16 years... 

The single best source for quick and reasonably thorough access to the body of knowledge associated with computer ethics is Deborah Johnson s Computer Ethics (3rd edition, 2001). The first edition of that work [17], the first book listed under computer ethics in the Philosopher s Index, provides a conceptual framework for the issues of privacy, liability, ownership, and power. Despite its very early appearance in the short history of computer ethics, much of the analysis retains its value. 

With this in mind, I have presented the information in this book in a form that can be easily understood. I think that it is quite important that any student of the body of knowledge that we call "science" needs to be cognizeuit of the history and effort that has been made by those who preceded us. It was Newton who said "If I have seen further, it is because I have stood on the shoulders of giants . Thus, I have tried to give a short history of each particular segment of solid state theory and technology. 

Reed, H. S., Short History of Plant Sciences, Waltham, Mass., Chronica Botanica Co., 1942. 

Krebs, Robert E. The history and use of our earth s chemical elements a reference guide. Westport (CT) Greenwood P, 1998. ix, 346p. ISBN 0-313-30123-9 A short history of chemistry — Atomic structure The periodic table of the chemical elements — Alkali metals and alkali earth metals - Transition elements metals to nonmetals — Metallics and metalloids - Metalloids and nonmetals — Halogens and noble gases - Lanthanide series (rare-earth elements) — Actinide, transuranic, and transactinide series... 

Burland, Cottie Arthur. The magical arts a short history. New York Horizon P, 1966. 196p. 

Asimov, Isaac. A short history of chemistry an introduction to the ideas and concepts of chemistry., 1965. 

Ackerknecht, E. H. A short history of medicine. Baltimore (MD) Johns Hopkins UnivP, 1982. 

Forbes, Robert James. A short history of the art of distillation from the beginnings up to the death of Cellier Blumenthal. Leiden Brill, 1948. 

T. K. Derry and Trevor I. Williams. A Short History of Technology From the Earliest Times to A.D. 1900. New York Dover Publications Inc., 1993. (Reprint of Oxford University Press edition 1961.)... 

T. K. Derry and Trevor I. Williams. A Short History of Technology. New York Dover, 1960. 

Craddock, P. T. (1992), A short history of the patination of bronze, in Jones, M. (ed.), Why Fakes Matter - Essays on Problems of Authenticity, British Museum, London, pp. 63-70. 

Lipson, E. (1953), A Short History of Wool, Heineman, London. 

In the short history of nematode molecular phylogenetics, a number of different genes have already been used for analysis cytochrome c (Vanfleteren... 

Macdougall JD (1996) A Short History of Planet Earth. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York Macia E, Hernandez MV, Oro J (1997) Orig Life Evol Biosphere 27 459 Macia E (2005) Chem Soc Rev 34 691... 

Schulz, H. 1999. Short history and present trends of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Appl. Catal. A Gen. 186 3-12. 

Detailed modeling study of practical sprays has a fairly short history due to the complexity of the physical processes involved. As reviewed by O Rourke and Amsden, 3l() two primary approaches have been developed and applied to modeling of physical phenomena in sprays (a) spray equation approach and (b) stochastic particle approach. The first step toward modeling sprays was taken when a statistical formulation was proposed for spray analysis. 541 Even with this simplification, however, the mathematical problem was formidable and could be analyzed only when very restrictive assumptions were made. This is because the statistical formulation required the solution of the spray equation determining the evolution of the probability distribution function of droplet locations, sizes, velocities, and temperatures. The spray equation resembles the Boltzmann equation of gas dynamics[542] but has more independent variables and more complex terms on its right-hand side representing the effects of nucleations, collisions, and breakups of droplets. 

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