Formulation design

Formulation Design for Free-Radical Cured Systems... 

Fig. 10. Generalized formulation design outline for radiation-curable coatings and adhesive systems. The cross-linker is a multifimctional unsaturated cross-linking agent or oligomer, rj = viscosity CR = cure rate S = shrinl ge H = hardness F = flexibility A = adhesion 7 = surface energy ...

A water-soluble white crystalline sofld, CS is disseminated as a spray, as a cloud of dust or powder, or as an aerosol generated thermally from pyrotechnic compositions. The formulation designated CSl is CS mixed with an anti-agglomerant when dusted on the ground, it may remain active for as long as five days. CS2 formulated from CSl and a siUcone water repellent, may persist for as long as 45 days (6). 

A. Yacobi and E. Halpetin-Walega, eds.. Oral Sustained Release Formulations Design and Evaluation, Pergamon Press, New York, 1988. 

In addition to electrical uses, epoxy casting resins are utilized in the manufacture of tools, ie, contact and match molds, stretch blocks, vacuum-forrning tools, and foundry patterns, as weU as bench tops and kitchen sinks. Systems consist of a gel-coat formulation designed to form a thin coating over the pattern which provides a perfect reproduction of the pattern detail. This is backed by a heavily filled epoxy system which also incorporates fiber reinforcements to give the tool its strength. For moderate temperature service, a Hquid bisphenol A epoxy resin with an aHphatic amine is used. For higher temperature service, a modified system based on an epoxy phenol novolak and an aromatic diamine hardener may be used. 

Uses. There are about forty to fifty organic peroxides commercially available in more than seventy formulations designed for specific applications which include (1) initiators for vinyl monomer polymerizations, and copolymerizations of monomers such as vinyl chloride, ethylene, styrene, vinyl acetate, acrylics, fluoroolefms and buta-dienestyrene (2) curing agents for thermoset polyesters, styrenated alkyds and oils, silicone rubbers and poly allyl diglycol carbonates ... 

However, some of the most widely used phosphonates tend to be poor calcium sulfate inhibitors, and they may adversely affect the corrosion of copper in the boiler, so care in formulation design and product application is very important. 

A testosterone microsphere system for treatment of hypogonadol males has been developed and clinically evaluated (61,78). This formulation is based on a glycolide/DL-lactide copolymer and natural testosterone (Fig. 6). Because testosterone is not a very potent compound, about 600 mg of the drug is needed in adult males over a 90-day period. The performance of the testosterone system in baboons is shown in Fig. 7. Similar formulations have also been used in the control of the wild horse population of the western United States. Stallions were injected with a testosterone microsphere formulation designed to inhibit sperm production over a 6-month period (79). 

Jones, R. E., Challenges in formulation design and delivery of protein drugs, Proc. Int. Symp. Control. Rel. Bioact. Mater., 14, 96, 1987. 

Bentham C. Expert system in formulation design. In Proceedings Computer Aided Formulation, Coventry, UK 17th October 2001. Reading Faraday Impact Partnership. 

Kashihara T, Yoshioka M. Assessment in Japanese Focus Group. In Hashida M, editor, Formulation design of oral dosage forms. Yakagyo-Jiho, 1998. pp. 244-53. 

Hussain AS, Shivanand P, Johnson RD. Application of neural computing in pharmaceutical product development computer aided formulation design. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 1996 20 1739-52. 

Types, and size, of contaminant 3.2 Quality assurance in formulation design... 

A challenge faced by formulators designing dispersible tablets is the ability to develop a formulation that rapidly disintegrates and is able to withstand shipping processes. In addition, this type of tablet should form a uniform and somewhat stable suspension when dispersed in water. An interesting answer to... 

P Heda. A comparative study of the formulation requirements of dosator and dosing disc encapsulators. Simulation of plug formation, and creation of rules for an expert system for formulation design. PhD dissertation, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 1998. 

DJ Rowley, R Hendry, MD Ward, P Timmins. The instrumentation of an automatic capsule filling machine for formulation design studies, paper presented at 3rd International Conference on Powder Technology, Paris, 1983. 

Irritation. Tissue irritation upon injection, and the accompanying damage and pain, is a concern that must be addressed for the final formulation, which is to be either tested in humans or marketed, rather than for the active ingredient. This is because most irritation factors are either due to or influenced by aspects of formulation design (see Avis, 1985, for more information or parenteral preparations). These factors are not independent of the route (TV, IM, or SC) that will be used and, in fact (as discussed later), are part of the basis for selecting between the various routes. 

Munir, A. 2005, Pesticide product and formulation design, MSc-thesis, CAPEC, Department of Chemical Engineering, DTU, Lyngby, Denmark. 

Araya H, Tomita M, Hayashi M (2006) The novel formulation design of self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) type O/W microemulsion III The permeation mechanism of a poorly water soluble drug entrapped O/W microemulsion in rat isolated intestinal membrane by the Ussing chamber method. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 21 45-53. 

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