Flowable concentrates

There is suggestive evidence (-0.5) that the formulation t3rpe should not be flowable concentrate... 

Up to the late 1960s, only dry formulations of atrazine were available. Ciba-Geigy Corporation later developed the first water-based, flowable concentrate formulation of an herbicide, AAtrex 4L, which was approved on January 15, 1970. This development launched a new era in herbicide formulation technology. The water-based formulation improved the manufacturing process, minimized dust, was easier to package and to load into application equipment, and easier to mix. Gradually, more and more farmers who used atrazine switched to the liquid formulation, which is now the preferred formulation. 

Several strains of the Bacillus thuringiensis are pathogenic to some insects. The bacterial organisms are cultured, then harvested in spore form for use as insecticide. Production methods vary widely. Proteinaceous and nu-cleotide-like toxins generated by the vegetative forms (which infect insects) are responsible for the insecticidal effect. The spores are formulated as wettable powders, flowable concentrates and granules for application to field crops and for control of mosquitoes and black flies. 

Carboxin available as flowable concentrate, true solutions and wettable powder, and oxycarboxin is available as emulsifiable concentrate and wettable powder. 

Linuron is a substituted urea to control germinating and perennial broadleaf and grassy weeds on both crop and noncrop sites. Linuron inhibits photosynthesis in target weed plants. It is labeled for field and storehouse use in a variety of crops. Most of the linuron applied in the United States is in soybean production. Formulations include granules, wettable powders, flowable concentrates, and emulsifiable concentrates/... 

Maneb is an ethylene(bis)dithiocarbamate fungicide used in the control of early and late blights on potatoes, tomatoes and many other diseases on various fruits, vegetables, field crops, and ornamentals. Maneb has been shown to be effective on a wider spectrum of fruit, vegetable, and turf diseases caused by fungi compared to other fungicides. It is available as granular, wettable powder, flowable concentrate, and ready-to-use formulations. 

Clothianidin (3) is marketed as insecticide (a) for foliar application as Dantotsu or Fullswing (Sumitomo Chemical Takeda Agro Company) the latter was launched as a water dispersible granule on turf, providing control of beetle larvae and bluegrass worms (b) for soil application as water soluble granule (cf. Dantotsu ) and as (c) flowable concentrate for seed treatment (FS) as 600 FS Poncho (Bayer Crop Science). 

Formulation l pes Emulsifiable concentrate wettable powder granules suspension concentrate dustable powder oil-miscible flowable concentrate. 

Formulation l pes Wettable powder granules suspension concentrate flowable concentrate. 

The solution is to prepare a concentrate which has viscosity characteristics similar to those of liquid antacids. The viscosity of a flowable concentrate will generally be in the range 2500-3500 cps. Either mineral thickeners alone or minerals in combination with polysaccharide gums can be employed as the thickening agent. While modified bentonites are used on occasion, attapulgites are most often the mineral of choice as the sole thickener (Sawyer, 1987). Combination thickeners are based on seaweed derived xanthan gum (a common food thickening additive) and montmorillonite (R.T. Vanderbilt). 

Suspensibility - Flowable concentrates, water dispersible granules, and wettable powders are each intended to be diluted with water for spray... 

It has been found that, for a fixed mineral filler content, the viscosity of PMF-based composites increases when the coat is made of polyethylene [164, 209, 293], poly(vinyl chloride) [316] and polypropylene [326, 327], The picture was different, however, for composites based on the ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer to which kaolin with grafted poly (vinyl acetate) was added [336]. Addition of PMF with a minimum quantity of grafted polymer results in a sharp drop of flowability (rise of viscosity), in comparison to addition of unmodified filler but with a further increase of the quantity of grafted polymer the flow gradually increases and, depending on the kaolin content and quantity of grafted polymer, may even become higher than in specimens with unmodified filler, for equal concentrations. 

The cost/performance factor of individual surfactants will always be considered in determining which surfactants are blended in a mixed active formulation. However, with the recent advent of compact powders and concentrated liquids, other factors, such as processing, density, powder flowability, water content, stabilization of additives, dispersibility in nonaqueous solvents, dispersion of builders, and liquid crystalline phase behavior, have become important in determining the selection of individual surfactants. 

Natural sand is a major component of most flowable fill mixes. Ferrous spent foundry sand can be used as substitute for natural sand (fine aggregate) in flowable fill.48 49 Spent sands from nonferrous foundries and foundry baghouse dust can contain high concentrations of heavy metals that may preclude their use in flowable fill applications. Some of the engineering properties of spent foundry sand that are of particular interest when foundry sand is used in flowable fill applications include particle shape, gradation, strength characteristics, soundness, deleterious substances, and corrosivity. 

Agricultural (Ag) formulations that are commonly diluted and applied by means of spray equipment include water soluble liquids, emulsifiable concentrates, wettable powders, and flowable suspensions. The choice of which formulation to develop normally depends upon the solubility properties of the technical pesticide. Scientists often must also consider manufacturing costs, field efficacy and product toxicity. 

The E-concept permits scale-up between similar centrifuges solely on the basis of sedimentation performance. Other criteria and limitations, however, should also be investigated. Scale-up analysis for a specified solids concentration, for instance, requires knowledge of solids residence time, permissible accumulation of solids in the bowl, G level, solids conveyability, flowability, compressibility, limitations of torque, and solids loading. Extrapolation of data from one size centrifuge to another calls for the application of specific scale-up mechanisms for the particular type of centrifuge and performance requirement. 

Irwin GM, Dodson GJ, Ravin LJ. Encapsulation of clomacron phosphate I. Effect of flowability of powder blends, lot-to-lot variability, and concentration of active ingredient on weight variation of capsules filled on an automatic capsule filling machine. J Pharm Sci 1970 59 547-550. 

The distribution of body weights was assumed to be a normal distribution with mean 70 kg and a 20% coefficient of variation (i.e., a standard deviation equal to 14kg). The amount of exposure for a body part was a PHED-based distribution, depending on the body part and the type of user, as well as the type of herbicide formulation used. The herbicide formulations were granule (G) formulated with fertilizer and used by homeowners for residential lawn care flowable formulation (FF), which is among the formulations classified as emulsifiable concentrate (EC) in PHED and water-dispersible granule (WDG). 

Uses The formulations of fenitrothion include dusts, emulsifiable concentrate, flowable, fogging concentrate, granules, ultra-low volume, oil-based liquid spray, and wettable powder formulations (Novathion 500-E, EC as a 95% concentrate,... 

Deltamethrin is a crystalline powder, white or slightly beige in color. The formulations include emulsifiable concentrates, wettable powders, ultra-low volume and flowable formulations, and granules. There are no known incompatibilities with other common insecticides and fungicides. It is used as a contact poison to control apple and pear suckers, plum fruit moths, caterpillars on brassicas, pea moths, aphids (apples, plums, hops), winter moths (apples and plums), and codling and tortrix moths (apples). It also is used in control of aphids, mealybugs, scale insects, and whiteflies on glasshouse cucumbers, tomatoes, peppers, potted plants, and ornamentals.9-11... 

Tpo understand the physical and colloidal chemical aspects of pesticidal formulations research, one must first understand the objectives of the formulations chemist in his work. Simply speaking, the formulations chemist must take the pure organic chemical pesticide and put it in a usable form for field use. These forms include wettable powders, emulsifiable concentrates, dusts, granules, water-soluble concentrates, flowables, and an aerosol, to name a few types of concentrates. The formulations chemist desires to put together a formulation that (1) is easy and eco-... 

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