Soil Applications

Wada H, K Sendoo, Y Takai (1989) Rapid degradation of y-HCH in the upland soil after multiple application. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 35 71-77. 

Post-treatment soil and earthworm samples were collected from all sites on Day 0 (application day), 1,2,3,4,6,8,12,16 and 24 on treated sites. Samples on Day 0 were collected within 3h of chemical application. Soil from control sites was sampled on Day 7 post-application only. One in-furrow soil sample from each control station was collected and the six samples were pooled. Within a given field, earthworms from each of the six stations were composited for analysis by combining all in-furrow samples into one composite and all between-furrow samples into another. Earthworms from control sites were sampled in-furrow on Day 8 and 16 post-planting only. 

For the field study, sewage sludge from a local municipal water treatment plant was added to a field (sandy soil) at the rates of 0, 23, 46, 92, and 184 tons/ha. Lettuce was planted after six months of sludge application. Soils were taken at the end of the field experiment (about 8 months of sludge application) (Banin et al., 1990). 

McBride M.B., Richards B.K., Steenhuis T., Russo J.J., Sauve S. Mobility and solubility of toxic metals and nutrients in soil fifteen years after sludge application. Soil Sci 1997 162 487-500. 

Payraudeau S, Vanderwerf HMG (2005) Environmental impact assessment for a farming region a review of methods. Agric Ecosyst Environ 107 1-19 Peacock AD, Mullen MD, Ringelberg DB, Tyler DD, Hedrick DB, Gale PM, White DC (2001) Soil microbial community responses to dairy manure or ammonium nitrate applications. Soil Biol Biochem 33 1011-1019... 

Dichloropropene is released into the air and in wastewater during its production and use as a soil fumigant and chemical intermediate. 1,3-Dichloropropene may also leach into groundwater. Considerable variation in the amounts of 1,3-dichloropropene lost by volatilization and degradation can be expected depending on the method of application, soil type, moisture and temperature. It has been detected in low levels in ambient air and drinking-water (United States National Library of Medicine, 1997). 

Dixon, J. B., and Schulze, D. G. (2002). Soil Mineralogy with Environmental Applications, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI. 

Although the majority of an applied triazine herbicide remains in the surface soil where it controls weeds while degrading, soil movement and persistence has been well studied and documented. A variety of factors affect triazine runoff, including method of application, soil properties, type of tillage, and environmental conditions. Estimates of triazine amounts in runoff from agricultural fields vary widely, with the highest concentrations occurring in the first 2 months after application. 

Boyd, S.A., Sommers, L.E., and Nelson, D.W., Changes in the humic acid fraction of soil resulting from biosolids application, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 44, 1179, 1980. 

Soil, prespraying Soil, preirrigation Soil, 3 days after irrigation Soil, after two runoffs Soil, after second application Soil, after harvest Mud at check dam Mud at check dam Mud at check dam (post harvest) Fish in drainage ditch whole perch (5 fish) bluegill meat (5 fish)... 

It is not sufficient merely to have such material on the libraiy shelves it must also be carefully indexed. All new books and pamphlets received are examined carefully for information that would not ordinarily be expected in such publications. In The Chemistry of the Non-Benzenoid Hydrocarbons (1922) by B. T. Brooks, for example, there are references to naphthenic acids, production of fatty acids by wax oxidation, and synthetic lubricating oils. In Volume VI of Colloid Chemistry (1946) edited by Jerome Alexander, there are chapters on the Geiger-Miiller x-ray spectrometer, electron microscopy, catalysis and its industrial applications, soil stabilization, polythene, and potential nuclear energy. Such information is typed on 3 X 5 cards on some books as many as forty or fifty cards may be required. In this way an extremely useful file of information has been built up that might otherwise be overlooked as valuable data sometimes appear in unexpected places. 

Unsaturated Zone Studies. These experiments began in 1980 at special interest areas in the United States. In each area, two to five locations, which were grower-treated fields, were sampled once or twice after application. Soil cores were taken by hand auger at three sites per location with sampling of strata from 0-0.3,... 

The persistence of diazinon in soil from a rice field that had never been exposed to diazinon before and in soil from a previously treated field was studied under flooded conditions. The treated fields received granular applications of diazinon (17) at rates and intervals recommended for rice pest control viz, 2 kilogram/ha active ingredient every 20 days. Soils (Maahas clay, pH 6.6) were collected from three treated and three untreated fields 12 days after the third application. Soils were air-dried and screened (2mm) 20 gram samples of these soils were placed in test tubes and flooded with 25 ml of aqueous diazinon solution. The insecticide residues from the soils incubated at 30 °C were extracted periodically with hexane-acetone (2) and analyzed in a gas chromatograph fitted with a cesium bromide detector as described earlier (18). 

Huang, P.M., Wang, M.K., Kampf, N., Schulze, D.G., 2002. Aluminum Hydroxides. In Dixon, J.B., Schulze, D.G. (Eds.), Soil Mineralogy with Environmental Applications, Soil Science Society of America, Book Series 7, Madison, WI, pp. 261-289. 

WT Frankenberger Jr, ME Losi. Applications of bioremediation in the cleanup of heavy metals and metalloids. In Bioremediation Science and Applications. Soil Sci Soc Am Special Pub 43, 1995, pp 173-210. 

Soil 2 and soil 3 were sampled at Bico da Barca, an experimental rice site, located at the Rio Mondego valley, Portugal. Several physical and chemical characteristics of these soils (soil 2 and soil 3) are presented in Table 12.2. Soil 2 and soil 3 have different histories of pesticide application Soil 2 comes from a rice field with no... 

Stress/strain relations for soils are highly non-linear and the bulk modulus and shear modulus both vary with loading. For the relatively small loadings, appropriate to most engineering applications, soil strains are relatively small (typically less than 0.1%)... 

FIGURE 8.12 Schemes of a 1 1 phyllosilicate layer (top) and a 2 1 layer (bottom). The Si atoms are black dark gray spheres represent A1 and Mg atoms and the light gray spheres represent O atoms or OH groups (drawn slightly darker). (Adapted from Schulze, D. G., Soil Mineralogy with Environmental Applications, Soil Science Soeiety of America, Madison, WI, 2002, with permission). 

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