Production of soybeans

Although soybeans contribute about one-half of the world production of oilseeds, they supply less than one-third of the total edible vegetable fats and oils (Table 11) because of their relatively low oil content. Nonetheless, production of soybean oil exceeds the combined production of cottonseed, peanut, and sunflower seed oils. 

It was reported that q-glut amyl peptides, particularly peptides with hydrophilic amino acids, such as Glu—Asp, Glu-Thr, Glu-Ser, and Glu-Glu, elicited an umami flavor236 These peptides were isolated from the umami constituents in the enzymatically hydrolyzed products of soybean proteins. The same author also reported that tripeptides such as Glu-Gly-Ser also elicited the umami taste. The threshold value (0.15%) of these peptides is greater than that of MSG. The flavor of meat extract can be reproduced using these peptides with MSG and IMP. Recently,. Y-lacroyl glutamic acid, which is a condensation product of lactic acid with glutamic acid, was shown to elicit a weak umami taste, similar to MSG.237... 

Deterioration of the physical properties of proteins during food processing or food storage can be ascribed primarily to an irreversible insolubilization of proteins. However, a deteriorative change for one purpose can be a favorable one for another purpose. In Japan, for instance, the irreversible insolubilization of soybean proteins has been utilized effectively for production of soybean protein foods, such as tofu, kori-tofu, and yuba. 

The supply of palm oil has risen considerably since around 1980. It was almost 24 million tons per annum in 2001-2002 and is predicted to exceed the production of soybean oil during the period 2011-2015 at around 37 milhon tons. The oil contains almost equal proportions of saturated (palmitic 48% and stearic 4%) and unsaturated acids (oleic 37% and hnoleic 10%). The major triacylglycerols are POP (30-40%) and POO (20-30%). The oil is used mainly for food purposes but finds some nonfood uses. It is a source of valuable byproducts such as carotene and tocopherols and tocotrienols (vitamin E). Red palm oil is a carefully prepared oil that retains about 80% (500-700 ppm) of the carotenes present in the crude oil and is a valuable dietary source of these important compounds (42). 

If one considers that soybean is produced for protein, it can be concluded that canola production ranks first in terms of true oilseed production. The United States, Brazil, and Argentina together produced about 75% of all soybean seeds. The world production of soybean oil is in the top position followed by palm and canola/rapeseed among major oils and fats (Figure 4) (75, 151). 

Palm oil exporters had hoped that China would replace lagging Indian sales by raising its import quota. China officially entered the WTO on December 11, 2001. China s accession agreement stipulated that its 2002 tariff-rate quota (TRQ) on soybean oil increase to 2.518 million tons and the within-quota tariff fall from 13 percent to 9 percent. Tariffs on soybeans and soybean meal were bound at their previous rates. But ample domestic production of soybean and rapeseed oils continued to limit China s need for vegetable oil imports. 

World production of sunflower seed (7%) was third in the world production of oilseeds in 2001-2002, after soybean (57%) and canola seeds (11%). Production of soybean being by far the largest, sunflower seed production does not amount to much of the world total oilseed production (129). 

Two principal degumming methods are employed batch and continuous. The batch degumming process is shown in Figure 2 (115). A flow sheet for the continuous degumming of soybean oil and production of soybean lecithin is shown in... 

Separation of soy protein by EDBM has specific advantages over the conventional isoelectric precipitation used industrially for the production of soybean protein isolates. This technology does not use any added acids or bases during the process to adjust the pH of the protein solution, and the chemical effluents generated during the process could be reused at different stages in the... 

Fats and oils of vegetable and animal origin belong to the most important renewable raw materials used in the chemical industry. The fats and oils are mainly applied in human alimentation only 10% of the oils are converted into technical products. The total global market for fats and oils amounts to about 130 million tonnes. Soybean oil (31 million tonnes per year), a by-product of soybean flour production, and palm oil (31 million tonnes per year) are the most important fatty raw materials worldwide. Animal fats (22 million tonnes per year) arise as by-products of meat fabrication and processing and are used for nutrition and technical purposes. 

Soybean is the dominant oilseed produced in the world, due to its favorable agronomic characteristics, its high-quality protein, and its valuable edible oil. It contributes over a half of all oilseeds produced worldwide (Figure 2.1). The US ranks first in soybean production (8.24 million tonnes), followed by Brazil, Argentina, China and EU-15 (4.28, 3.28, 3.26 and 2.87 million tonnes, respectively, see Chapter 1). The production of soybeans and soybean oil is driven by the need for soy protein meal, which is used extensively in commercial feeds for poultry, swine and cattle. Soybean oil accounted for 80-90% of total edible oil consumption in the US (USDA-NASS) in 1998 because of its... 

USE In the production of soybean oil. As food and feed -stuff. Debittered soybean flour contains practically no starch and is widely used in dietetic foods. Soybean meal obtained after expressing the oil is a preferred source of protein for feedstuffs. Other products are soybean lecithin, genistin, monosodium glutamate, soybean milk, soy sauce tofu, a soybean curd ntiso, a fermented mixture with barley or rice nutio, which is soybean cheese. Soybean proteins are used also in the adhesive and plastics industries. 

Figure 6 Potential allergenic activity of different soy protein products. Potential allergenic activity of competitive soy proteins as percentage of maximal binding activity at the concentrations of competitive antigens of 102 /Ltg/mL. (1) Raw soybean, dehulled (2) heat-treated extrusion soy protein concentrate (3) soy protein isolate (4) proteolytic hydrolysate of soy protein isolate (5) EPM (1) product of soybean isolate without amino acid enrichment (6) EPM (2) product of soybean isolate with methionine enrichment (7) EPM (3) product of soybean isolate.

Yoshida, D, T. Matsumoto, R. Yoshimura, and T. Matsuzaki Mutagenicity of amino-a-carbolines in pyrolysis products of soybean globulin Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 83 (1978) 915-920. 

Soybean is the oilseed with the greatest production on a worldwide basis. Production of soybeans is increasing and is expected to continue to increase as demand for soybean oil for human consumption and biodiesel and demand for high-protein meal for animal feed grows in both developed and developing countries. Currently the United States is the largest producer of soybeans followed by Brazil, Argentina, and China (USDA—FAS, 2007). Table 2.1 shows the most recent data on world supply. 

China continues to be a major producer of soybeans. The production of soybeans remains about the same since 2002/03 (Table 2.1). The provinces of Heilongjiang, Liaoning, and Inner Mongolia produce about 45% of the total in China (Wilcox, 2004). Most of the soybeans in these areas are seeded in the spring. About 30% of the production is double-cropped behind wheat, especially in Henan, Shandong, Hebei,... 

About 29% of the world s production of soybeans was exported in 2006/07 (Table 2.1). Although Brazil has increased exports in recent years, the United States remains the number one soybean exporter. Argentina is also a major exporter of soybeans. Paraguay exports over half of the soybeans they produce. Many of the soybeans exported from Canada are used for human food. 

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