Thickeners mineral

Carrageenan (Chondrus crispus) thickener, mineral oil emulsions PEG hydrogenated castor oil thickener, mineral oil lubricants incidental food-contact Polyisobutene thickener, mineral oils C24-28 alkyl methicone thickener, mining... 

Most greases are soap-thickened mineral oils. The National Lubricating Grease Institute Classification (1955) based on worked consistency is ... 

Polymethacrylates are less soluble than hydrocarbon polymers in mineral oils, they thicken less at low temperatures and are more effective at high temperatures. In this respect, it is important to note that the modification of rheoiogical properties is based on interactions between polymer and oil it will therefore be always dependent of the nature of oil. 

The fluid is formulated from a premium mineral od-base stock that is blended with the required additive to provide antiwear, mst and corrosion resistance, oxidation stabdity, and resistance to bacteria or fungus. The formulated base stock is then emulsified with ca 40% water by volume to the desired viscosity. Unlike od-in-water emulsions the viscosity of this type of fluid is dependent on both the water content, the viscosity of the od, and the type of emulsifier utilized. If the water content of the invert emulsion decreases as a result of evaporation, the viscosity decreases likewise, an increase in water content causes an increase in the apparent viscosity of the invert emulsion at water contents near 50% by volume the fluid may become a viscous gel. A hydrauHc system using a water-in-od emulsion should be kept above the freezing point of water if the water phase does not contain an antifreeze. Even if freezing does not occur at low temperatures, the emulsion may thicken, or break apart with subsequent dysfunction of the hydrauHc system. 

Filtration. In many mineral processing operations, filtration follows thickening and it is used primarily to produce a soHd product that is very low in moisture. Filtration equipment can be either continuous or batch type and either constant pressure (vacuum) or constant rate. In the constant pressure type, filtration rate decreases gradually as the cake builds up, whereas in the constant rate type the pressure is increased gradually to maintain a certain filtration rate as the cake resistance builds. The size of the device is specified by the required filter surface area. 

Sulfur concretes are used in many specialty areas where Porfland cement concretes are not completely satisfactory. Because SC can be formulated to resist deterioration and failure from mineral acid and salt solutions, it is used for constmction of tanks, electrolytic cells, thickeners, industrial flooring, pipe, and others. In addition, SC is under investigation for many other prospective uses (58,59) (see Cement). 

Flotation. The slurry of ground ore leaving the grinding circuit may be separated from part of the water in thickeners or may go directly to the flotation cells. The latter are rectangular tanks into which air is injected or drawn via impellers. Flotation is based on producing a water-repellent chemical film on the exposed sulfide minerals in the ground ore. The sulfide minerals collect on the surface of the air bubbles and rise to the top of the flotation cell, where they can be removed from the froth. The froth overflows the cells in collector troughs called launders. 

Additions of new flocculants after conventional thickening produce further dewatering of mineral slimes. A clay flocculated with polyacrylamides and rotated in a dmm can produce a growth of compact kaolin pellets (84), which can easily be wet-screened and dewatered. A device called a Dehydmm, which flocculates and pelletizes thickened sludges into round, 3-mm pellets, was developed for this purpose. Several units reported in commercial operation in Japan thicken fine refuse from coal-preparation plants. The product contains 50% moisture, compared with 3% soflds fed into the Dehydmm from the thickener underflow (85). In Poland, commercial use of the process to treat coal fines has been reported (86), and is said to compare favorably both economically and technically to thickening and vacuum filtration. 

Ilmenite. This additive has a specific gravity of about 4.67. It is a mineral composed of iron, titanium and oxygen. It requires no additional water to be added to the slurry thus, it can yield slurry specific weights as high as the hematite additive. Ilmenite also has mineral effect on thickening time and compressive strength of the cement. 

These are generally reserved for specialist applications, and are in the main more costly than conventional soap-based greases. The most common substances used as nonsoap thickeners are silica and clays prepared in such a way that they form gels with mineral and synthetic oils. Other materials that have been used are carbon black, metal oxides and various organic compounds. 

In many mineral processing procedures, filtration follows thickening. The thickened pulp may be fed to storage agitators from where it is drawn off at a uniform rate to the filters. In order to aid filtration flocculants are sometimes added to the agitators. Filtration is ad-... 

Bradley, D. (1960) Institute of Minerals and Metals, International Congress, London, April, Paper 7, Group 2. Design and performance of cyclone thickeners. 

Copper concentration Copper ore, water, chemical reagents, thickeners Flotation wastewaters Tailings containing waste minerals such as limestone, and quartz... 

Acids were an early exception to the no water rule. It was recognized that aqueous solutions of acids would inhibit swelling of clays and shales as well as dissolve any acid-soluble minerals contained in a formation. By 1933 commercial well stimulation with hydrochloric acid was of great interest. A whole separate methodology and treatment chemistry has since evolved around acidizing and fracture acidizing(54). Water emulsions, mainly emulsified acids, and gelled acids thickened with polymeric additives were applied early in the history of well treatment. 

Tracheids Long tapering cell with lignified, secondary wall thickenings or pitted secondary walls lack protoplasts at maturity more primitive (less specialized) type of cell than vessel members widespread in vascular plants Conduct water and mineral salts water moves upward from tracheid to tracheid through pits... 

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