Field efficacy

Fig. 5 Field efficacy of Metofluthrin coils against indoor night biting mosquitoes, evaluated in homes in Indonesia...

Fig. 8 Field efficacy of Metofluthrin paper emanator against night biting indoor mosquitoes 0Culex quinquefasciatus) in Malaysia...

Fig. 10 Field efficacy of Metofluthrin resin emanator in Japan (two emanators)...

Agricultural (Ag) formulations that are commonly diluted and applied by means of spray equipment include water soluble liquids, emulsifiable concentrates, wettable powders, and flowable suspensions. The choice of which formulation to develop normally depends upon the solubility properties of the technical pesticide. Scientists often must also consider manufacturing costs, field efficacy and product toxicity. 

Ivency or emulsification of beeswax, aqueous solubility, and vapor pressure are completely correlated with nematocidal efficacy as determined in laboratory tests. The correlation is not complete when field efficacy is considered. Thus carbon tetrachloride, benzene, and toluene should be good nematocides, but have not proved satisfactory in field tests. Likewise carbon disulfide, while a sound nematocide under optimum conditions, requires, for satisfactory nematode control, a greater quantity than would be expected on the basis of its solubilities and solvency. The answer may lie in the lack of polarity of these molecules. 

Woodhead, S.H. (1981). Field efficacy of Phytophthorapalmivora for control of milkweedvine. Phytopathology, 71 913. 

Correlations between chemical properties and field efficacy - Examples... 

Will the soil persistence be less and therefore the field efficacy be reduced ... 

Develop formulations that maximize field efficacy. 

Although interest in inhibition of glycolytic enzymes as anticancer treatment had waned somewhat in the late 1990s, the description of the promising in vivo activity of 3-bromopyruvate (2), an inhibitor of hexokinase II, has prompted a renewed interest in this field. Efficacy of 3-bromopyruvate was reported against various cancer cell lines in animal studies at Johns Hopkins.11 Further investigation has revealed that direct intra-arterial administration to the site of the primary tumor may be especially effective.12,13 Despite the promising pre-clinical activity of 3-bromopyruvate, no human clinical trials have been reported. 

Protection of strawberry blossoms from frost Injury after exposure to a temperature of -3.5 C has been achieved under laboratory conditions when the INA bacteria were challenged individually with several different strains of INA" " bacteria. Similar results were previously reported with both chemically-derived INA and deletion mutant strains of syringae on crops such as corn, pear and tomato (6,, 2 ). The next necessary step is to conduct field efficacy trials. Initially, a single trial will be conducted primarily to evaluate the environmental fate of the Introduced INA" strains. The location and small size of this plot will limit its usefulness as an efficacy trial per se. However, after the environmental fate issue of this release has been evaluated under field conditions, larger trials will allow us to examine the effectiveness of the INA" strains applied to strawberry plants in commercial fields at several locations. Finally, efficacy trials could be expanded to include other major rosaceous fruit crops whose acre2iges are exposed to frost hazards. 

Figure 11. Field efficacy of metofluthrin denguri paper strip against Culexquinquefasciatus in Malaysia.

Table III. Field Efficacy of FSA V in Grape-Vines and Potatoes...

Pyridopyrimidinones, quinazolinones and thienopyrimidinones were all evaluated in the field for powdery mildew control on wheat. Field candidates were applied early in the season as protectants (before substantial presence of the disease). Table 6 shows field efficacy of several substituted pyridopyrimidinones. Although highly active in greenhouse tests, these analogs were less effective than standards, e.g. flusilazole, under field conditions with only moderate levels of mildew control observed at 250-125 g/ha. 

RH7988 FIELD EFFICACY AGAINST ROOT APHIDS BY DOWNWARD TRANSLOCATION AFTER FOLIAR TREATMENT OF RED CABBAGE... 

As a result of this search for novel fungicides, a series of analogous phenoxyquinolines has been developed which controls sensitive and resistant strains of powdery mildew in cereals, cucurbits and grapes. The discovery and structure-activity relationships as well as the greenhouse and field efficacy of selected compounds are detailed in this report. 

FIELD EFFICACY OF SELECTED COMPOUNDS AGAINST GRAPE DOWNY MILDEW (NIAGARA GRAPES)... 

B. Elitok, O. M. Elitok and M. Kabu, Field efficacy trial on comparative efficacy of four fasciolicides against natural fluke infection in cattle, Vet. ParasitoL, 2006, 135, 279-285. 

A. Farajollahi et al.. Field efficacy of BG-Sentinel and industry-standard traps for Aedes albopictus (Diptera Culicidae) and West Nile virus surveillance. Journal of Medical Entomology, 46,919,2009. 

A. Seyoum et al. Field efficacy of thermally expelled or live potted repellent plants against African malaria vectors in western Kenya. Prop Med Int Health, 8, 1005, 2003. 

H. H. Yap et al.. Field efficacy of mosquito cod formulations containing d-aUethrin and d-transallethrin against indoor mosquitoes especially Culex quinquefasciatus Say, SE Asian J. Prop. Med. Public Health, 21, 558, 1990. 

T. Jensen et al.. Field efficacy of commercial antimosquito products in Illinois, J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc., 16, 148, 2000. 

J. R. Lucas et al., Field efficacy of metofluthrin—A new mosquito repeUenfi Proc. Fifth Inti. Conf. Urban Pests, 301, 2005. 

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