Toxic and Flammable Materials

Areas for handling toxic or flammables should be segregated. A chemical like acetone, for example, should never be handled in the vicinity of an open heat source. Work wth highly toxic materials should be strictly confined to designated areas. Many operations must be performed in fume hoods. For others, only improved ventilation may be required. 

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RISKAT RISKAT assesses the risks to populations in the vicinity of plants processing and storing toxic and flammable materials... 

Thermocouples in chemical plants are usually found in sheaths. These sheaths protect the thermocouple and also allow the thermocouple to be removed and replaced without shutting down the process. One chemical plant had some thermocouples that did not have sheaths, although they looked like the sheathed type. This led to an accidental release of toxic and flammable material. Can you explain why ... 

Air intakes to heating and ventilation systems, air compressors for process, instrument and breathing air, and to prime movers for gas compressors, power generation and pumps should be located as far as practical from contamination by dust, toxic and flammable materials release sources. They should not be located in electrically classified areas. If close to possible vapor releases (as confirmed by dispersion analyses( they should be fitted with toxic or combustible gas detection devices to warn of possible air intakes hazards and snutdown and isolate the incoming air ductwork and fans. 

Threaded piping should be avoided for toxic and flammable materials. It is very difficult to make threaded fittings leakproof, especially with alloys such as stainless steel. Where threaded piping is necessary, use schedule 80 pipe as a minimum. Pipe nipples should never be less than schedule 80. 

Indicate the safety measures required for this plant, bearing in mind the toxic and flammable materials handled. 

Ventilation. Chemical processes inherently contain toxic and flammable materials which require a careful study of ventilation requirements for each installation. In its simplest form, a knowledge of the rate of release of hazardous vapors and dusts and the allowable safe concentration in a known volume of the enclosed area will determine the ventilation requirements for clean air input. 

Nitromethane should be stored in a cool and ventilated place, isolated from oxidants, can not be stored in hazardous area with ignition, fire or easily oxidized materials, and be suitable to store at low temperature it should be stored and transported according to the standard of toxic and flammable materials. 

When handling toxic and flammable materials, it is not good practice for operators to be on their own for long periods and hourly contact with another person on-site should be a minimum standard. Fire alarms to give warning of an emergency should be available around the plant whether or not operators are on their own. 

Even in a very small organization there can be misunderstanding between individuals and when handling toxic and flammable materials the handover of plant for maintenance is a point of particular risk. 

Permit to enter—designed to protect employees from oxygen deficient atmospheres, hazardous conditions, power-driven equipment, and toxic and flammable materials Unplugging permit—barricades area, clears lines for unplugging, informs personnel, issues opening/blinding permit, issues unplugging permit... 

Diamond, P. and Petheridge, G. (1981). Storage and disposal of toxic and flammable material. The Paper Conservator, 3/6, 38-50. 

Waterborne polyurethanes are of commercial importance today because of their appUcations in aqueous medium without evolving toxic and flammable material to pollute the air and water. Dieterich et al. developed innovative approaches to this subject. Unfortunately, their carbon based polyurethanes had poor water resistance. Chen and coworkers synthesized a waterborne PU prepolymer 91, which was modified by AEAPS 86, as shown in Scheme 34. According to them, the newly made PU 92 emulsions have shown stabihty, and the siloxane chains have been enriched on the PU surface. The water resistance of the PU film has been... 

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