Fiber, dietary actions/effects

Determination of the Fiber Content of Foods Proximate Analysis Digestibility Studies Van Soest Analysis for Fiber Physiological Actions of Dietary Fiber Beneficial Effects Potentially Harmful Effects Dietary Fiber Recommendations Selection and Preparation of foods High in Fiber Special Products for Dietetic and Therapeutic Uses... 

Calcium Acetate (PhosLo) [Calcium Supplement/ Anti arrhythmic/Mmeral/ Electrolyte] Uses ESRD-associated hyper-phos-phatemia Action Ca " supl w/o aluminum to X P04 absorption Dose 2-4 tabs PO w/ meals Caution [C, ] Contra t Ca Disp Gelcap SE Can t Ca, hypophosphatemia, constipation Interactions t Effects OF quinidine X effects W/ large intake of dietary fiber, spinach, rhubarb X effects OF atenolol, CCB, etidronate, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, phenytoin, Fe salts, thyroid hormones EMS Pts have reduced renal Fxn, monitor ECG for signs of electrolyte disturbances OD S/Sxs of hypercalcemia (confusion, weakness, GI upset, constipation, N, V, and cardiac arrhythmias) give IV fluid for diuresis symptomatic and supportive Calcium Carbonate (TumS/ Alka Mints) [Antacid/ Calcium Supplement/Mineral/ Electrolyte] [OTC] Uses Hyperacidity associated w/ peptic ulcer Dz, hiatal hernia, etc Action Neutralizes gastric acid Dose 500 mg—2 g PO PRN -1- in renal impair Caution [C, ] Disp Chew tabs, susp SE t -1- PO constipation Interactions X Effect OF tetracyclines, fluo-... 

Rx prevent Ca deficiency Action Ca supl Dose Adul. 6—18 g/d doses Feds. 600-2000 mg/kg/d qid (9 d max) X in renal impair Caution [C, ] Contra T Ca Disp Syrup SE f O a, X PCO constipation. Interactions T Effects OF quinidine X effect OF tetracyclines X Ca absorption w/ high intake OF dietary fiber EMS Monitor ECG for signs of electrol5rte disturbances (T Ca % X Mg ) OD S/Sxs of hypercalcemia weakness, GI upset, and cardiac arrhythmias give IV fluid symptomatic and supportive... 

Sea animals are rich in soluble dietary fibers, proteins, minerals, vitamins, antioxidants, phytochemicals, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, with low caloric value. Polysaccharides from marine animals have been reported to possess biological activities with potential medicinal values in addition to their current status as a source of dietary fibers and prebiotics. Moreover, they have a lot of dietary fiber, which lowers blood cholesterol, and iodine, which improves metabolism, vascular and cardiac action, body temperature, and perspiration regulation, and are effective in... 

Dried organisms consist of 32-60% water soluble carbohydrates and 4 12% fiber, and when decomposing sticky viscous substances, they produce glucose and fructose. Moreover, they have lot of dietary fiber to lower blood cholesterol that they are effective in preventing hypertension, heart disease, arteriosclerosis, and iodine that improves metabolism— the smooth vascular and cardiac action, the body temperature and perspiration regulation. 

Several mechanisms have been proposed for the protective action of the dietary hber found in whole grains. Increased fecal bulk and decreased transit time allow less opportunity for fecal mutagens to interact with the intestinal epithelium. Secondary bile acids are thought to promote cell proliferation, thus allowing increased opportunity for mutations to occur and abnormal cells to multiply. The effect of fiber on the actions of bile adds may be attributable to the binding or diluting of bile adds. 

Animal experiments, in particular, have been useful in testing various hypotheses about the relative effectiveness of different kinds of dietary fiber and about possible mechanisms of fiber effects. Thus, studies of bulking action (9-10), of selective secondary bile acid binding (11-12), of increased intestinal transit times (13), of altered bacterial activities and secondary bile acid production (14-19), and selective binding of carcinogens (16-19) have been carried out in laboratory animals. Several related studies have been conducted in humans as well. Among the latter are investigations of the relationship between the bulk fiber content of diets and fecal bile acids or other steroids (4.20-21). 

Hypercholesterolemia is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The hypocholester-olemic action of chitosan can be explained to be due to the decrease in cholesterol absorption and interference with bile acid absorption, a mechanism similar to those of dietary fiber constituents. Here, the cholesterol-lowering effects of chitin, chitosan, and their derivates are reported based on animal and clinical studies. 

It is proposed that polyphenols and fiber are the main contributors to the observed effects, either individually or in a synergistic interaction. However, bioavailability and metabolism of the numerous apple polyphenols is not completely understood. Moreover, limited data are available for the characterization of apple fiber, in particular pectin, in the different apple varieties and the impact of the physicochemical properties and structure on the degree of effect. Suitably powered randomly controlled, human dietary intervention studies with long intervention periods are required to clarify the protective effects of apples and juice consumption. Further in vivo animal models are also necessary to explore the potential multiple mechanisms of actions. 

Although there is sufficient data to indicate causal relationships between diet and cancer, drastic changes in dietary guidelines are premature at this time. Since many vitamins and trace elements are anti-carcinogens or anti-promoters, more research should be done on understanding their mechanisms of action. Further research on the role of dietary fiber intake on the inhibition of tumor development is warranted since the mechanism is unknown and there may be adverse effects on nutritional status in high fiber diets. As more information becomes available, it may be possible to modify dietary patterns slightly to reflect decreased consumption of deleterious compounds and increased consumption of beneficial components such that an overall decrease in the risk of diet and cancer could result. 

Since other dietary components affect absorption and excretion of deleterious compounds in foods, dietary protein, carbohydrate, fat, mineral, vitamin, or polyphenol content, as well as fiber, probably may influence the biological action of nutrients, antinutrients, and toxicants in foods. The paper by H. F, Stich and M. P. Rosen on antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic effects of naturally occurring phenolic compounds and that by T. K, Smith and M, S, Carson on the effect of diet on toxicosis of trichothecenes deserve special mention for pointing to promising future research directions on beneficial effects of diet on food safety. 

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