Dietary pattern

MILLER ERR, APPEL L J, RISBY T H (1998) Effect of dietary patterns on measures of lipid peroxidation results from a randomized clinical trial, Circulation, 98, 2390-95. 

Phytochemicals have been the subject of many studies evaluating their effects in relation to common chronic human illnesses such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. These studies encounter difficulties in using this information to influence the dietary patterns of consumers because in the past they have used models or experiments with animals. However, in the last decade, researchers have moved away from animal studies in favour of human cell models or human intervention studies. Scientists still need to determine the likely incidence of illness from exposure to known amounts of a given natural compound in the diet and specifically in relation to the complex matrices of whole foods. Therefore, it is inevitable that some animal studies have to be continued for toxicological studies. 

Nettleton and others (2008) characterized dietary patterns and their relation to incident type 2 diabetes in 5,011 participants from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) and found that high intake of whole grains, fruit, nuts/seeds, green leafy vegetables, and low-fat dairy was associated with a 15% lower diabetes risk. 

WG) are still insufficient. Vioque and others (2008) explored the associations between fruit and vegetable intake and WG over a 10-year period in an adult Mediterranean population of 206 aged 15-80 years at baseline in 1994, who participated in a nutrition survey in Valencia, Spain. They concluded that dietary patterns associated with a high intake of fruits and vegetables in Mediterranean populations may reduce long-term risk of subsequent WG and obesity among adults. 

Nettleton JA, Steffen LM, Ni H, Liu K and Jacobs DR Jr. 2008. Dietary patterns and risk of incident type 2 diabetes in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Diabetes Care 31 (9) 1777—1782. 

Okabo H, Sasaki S, Horiguchi H, Oguma E, Miyamoto K, Hosoi Y, Kim M- and Kayama F. 2006. Dietary patterns associated with bone mineral density in premenopausal Japanese farmwomen. Am J Nutr 83(5) 1185—1192. 

Heidemann C, Schulza MB, Franco OH, Van Dam RM, Mantzoros CS and Hu FB. 2008. Dietary patterns and risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease, cancer and all causes in a prospective cohort of women. Circulation 118 230-237. 

Lin PH, Aickin M, Champagne C, Craddick S, Sacks FM, McCarron P, Most-Windhauser MM, Rukenbrod F and Haworth L. 2003. Food group sources of nutrients in the dietary patterns of the DASH-Sodium trial. J Am Diet Assoc 103 488-496. 

Acute long term doses of procyanidins and food have a reduced toxicity compared to procyanidin intubated alone. Dietary long term doses of procyanidins are normally encountered in human dietary patterns in various areas of the world. Recommendations to increase common bean consumption will not result in any adverse effects to populations consuming large quantities of beans. 

It has become customary among cancer epidemiologists to talk about certain lifestyle factors as important contributors to cancer risk. Lifestyle factors (smoking, dietary patterns, alcohol consumption) are assumed to be largely under the control of individuals. These are distinguishable from factors that are less directly in the control of individuals (occupation, medicines, consumer products), and those over which individuals have little or no control (food additives, pesticides, environmental pollutants). Just how much control individuals have over the various lifestyle factors is of course much debated. 

Many related variables effect both nutrition and marine resource development in the Pacific. A number of factors have contributed to a change in traditional dietary patterns, to different agricultural and fishing practices, and to a dependence on imported foodstuffs. Food preferences, particularly for refined carbohydrates, have... 

Appel LI, Moore TJ, Oharzanek E, Volhner WM, Svekey LP, Sachs EM et al. A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on hlood pressure. DASH Collaborative Research Group. N Engl I Med 1997 336 1117-24. 

Bennett, G., Food Choices, Dietary Patterns and Circulation Adaptation in Shift Workers An Investigation into the Possible Impact on Coronary Heart Disease Risk, BSc Thesis, University of Surrey, 2001. 

Trace elements in human teeth and bone can be used to reconstruct dietary patterns in prehistoric populations. Several methods have been used to generate chemical data for prehistoric human bone. Among these methods INAA of solid bone and ICP-MS and ICP-ES of solutions have been used most often (33-35). With INAA, portions of bone or teeth are cleaned, sealed in vials, and irradiated to provide data for 8-10 elements. Samples analyzed by ICP-MS are digested in acid prior to analysis. In both cases, sample preparation is cumbersome. 

Hammond, B.R., Curran-Celentano, J., Judd, S., Fuld, K., Krinsky, N.I., Wooten, B.R., and Snodderly, D.M. Sex differences in macular pigment optical density Relation to plasma carotenoid concentrations and dietary patterns, Vision Res., 36(13), 2001-2012, 1996. 

Interest in investigating the relationship between dietary factors and carcinogenesis dates back to the early part of the century. Over the past four or five decades, epidemiological investigations and laboratory experiments in animals have generated abundant data about cancer and its relationship to dietary patterns, to individual foodstuffs, nutrients, food additives, and dietary contaminants (16). This vast body of literature was recently analyzed by the Committee on Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer of the National Research Council (6), and the committee reached the major conclusions outlined in Tables I to III. 

The differences in the rates at which various cancers occur in different human populations are often correlated with differences in diet. The likelihood that some of these correlations reflect causality is strengthened by laboratory evidence that similar dietary patterns and components of food also affect the incidence of certain cancers in animals. 

The evidence suggests that cancers of most major sites are influenced by dietary patterns. However, the data are not sufficient to quantitate the contribution of diet to the overall cancer risk or to determine the percent reduction that might be achieved by dietary modifications. 

Shively, C.A., et al. Dietary patterns and diurnal variations in aminopyrine disposition. Clin Pharmacol Therap, 1981 29 65-73... 

One is the remarkable increase of demand for wine as a food beverage during the past decade, much of it in areas where little or no demand existed previously and no wine was produced. It represents a real change in the American dietary pattern. Such regional demand stimulates curiosity about the regional production potential. Some of that curiosity translates into action. The present broad distribution of small new vineyards and wineries represents just that. Those that prove out successfully become points of further diffusion. 

---