Future research directions

Aggeli, A., Bell, M., Boden, N., Keen, J. N., Knowles, P. F., McLeish, T. C., Pitkeathly, M., and Radford, S. E. (1997). Responsive gels formed by the spontaneous self-assembly of peptides into polymeric beta-sheet tapes. Nature 386, 259-262. 

and Brodsky, B. (1999). Folding of peptide models of collagen and misfolding in disease. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 9, 122-128. 

Bewley, M. C., Springer, K, Zhang, Y. B., Freimuth, P., and Flanagan, J. M. (1999). Structural analysis of the mechanism of adenovirus binding to its human cellular receptor, CAR. Science 286, 1579-1583. 

and Miller, S. (1999). Folding of coliphage T4 short tail fiber in vitro. Analysing the role of a bacteriophage-encoded chaperone. Eur. J. Biochem. 265, 771-778. 

Burmeister, W. P., Guilligay, D., Cusack, S., Wadell, G., and Amberg, N. (2004). Crystal structure of species D adenovirus fiber knobs and their sialic acid binding sites. J. Virol. 78, 7727-7736. 

Only a few reports are available on the preparation of MFGM from commercially available sources and the opportunities to exploit fully the utilization of MFGM as a functional material are so far limited by the lack of available products and commercially feasible preparation methods. The development of methods for the extraction of MFGM from buttermilk through microfiltration may increase the opportunity to produce this ingredient on a commercial scale. On the other hand, before the economics of such processes can be appreciated, the unique functionality of MFGM isolates needs to be understood better. 

Anderson, M., Cawston, T.E. 1975. Reviews of the Progress of Dairy Science. The milk-fat globule membrane. J. Dairy Res. 42, 459-483. 

Antila, M., Ali-Yrkko, S., Antila, V., Antila, P., Ronnemaa, T., Jarvelainen, H., Viikari, J. 1980. Is fat globule membrane essential for cholesterol-lowering effect of milk Lancet. 1, 602. 

Astaire, J.C., Ward, R., German, J.B., Jimenez-Flores, R. 2003. Concentration of polar MFGM lipids from buttermilk by microfiltration and supercritical fluid extraction../ Dairy Sci. 86, 2297-2307. 

From exposure in food and water and in occupational and environmental settings. As remains a significant and difficult issue in risk assessment and public health. Despite continued study of the toxic effects of As in humans and other species, there are significant gaps in our knowledge of the metabolism, disposition, and toxicity of this metalloid. The following paragraphs 

Because As is a carcinogen in humans, development of a model for As-induced carcinogenesis in an experimental species is of great importance. The availability of an animal model would allow studies of the mechanistic basis of As carcinogenesis and an examination of the possible roles of As as an initiator, promoter, or progressor in the carcinogenic process. 

In parallel with studies of As carcinogenicity, additional research is needed on the metabolic fate and toxicity of iAs and organoAs species. The complete speciation of As by valence and form in tissues and excreta of As-exposed humans and experimental animals will provide much-needed data on the capacity for the reduction and oxidation of iAs and for its methyla-tion and on the distribution and retention of all As species. This aspect of the As research is central to a wide range of studies on As metabolism. Hence, the development and validation of improved analytical methods are primary research needs. 

Further research is needed to identify the molecular targets for iAs and organoAs in various tissues. The linkage between the reduction of As by GSH (or by uncharacterized pathways), the formation of unique As -GSH complexes, and the interactions of As with macromolecular targets remains to be elucidated. Studies of the toxicity of various As species, including As -GSH complexes and organoAs species, are needed to complement our current understanding of the risk associated with As exposure. 

The enzymatic basis of the methylation of iAs also requires further study. Characterization of the methyltransferase(s) which catalyze As methylation will contribute to an understanding of the mechanistic basis of As metabolism and will determine the functional homology between the As methyltransferases and other methyltransferases. The possibility that competition among methyltransferases for cofactors and substrates contributes to the toxicity and carcinogenicity of As merits examination. 

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The research detailed in previous sections outlines productive steps toward increased certainty in global quantification of the effects that climate has on carbon cycle processes. Presented here is a short summary of future research directions. 

Discussion of possible future research directions in the area is welcome. 

We can expect to see future research directed at QM/MM and ab initio simulation methods to handle these electronic structure effects coupled with path integral or approximate quantum free energy methods to treat nuclear quantum effects. These topics are broadly reviewed in [32], Nuclear quantum effects for the proton in water have already received some attention [30, 76, 77]. Utilizing the various methods briefly described above (and other related approaches), free energy calculations have been performed for a wide range of problems involving proton motion [30, 67-69, 71, 72, 78-80]. 

Anonymous. 2001. Stem Cells Scientific Progress and Future Research Directions. Department of Health and Human Services. Available at http //www.stemcells.nih.gov. (Note this website also provides a number of additional reference materials on the subject of stem cells.)... 

Gassman PW, Reyes MR, Green CH, Arnold JG (2007) The soil and water assessment tool historical development, applications and future research directions. Trans ASABE 50(4) 1211-1250... 

There are several future research directions for this project. First, results from the FMO reaction check are not infallible due to the qualitative nature of this check. A more precise, yet computationally feasible model may be possible. Second, more work remains in the WLN rearranger a full system based on our concepts would require knowledge of the entire complement of WLN rules. It may also be desirable to adopt or develop another, more computationally tractable line notation for the purpose of synthetic analysis. Finally, we would like to extend our work to more reaction classes to examine its potential in more detail. 

Gilbert L. I., Granger N. A. and Roe R. M. (2000) The juvenile hormones historical facts and speculations on future research directions. Insect Biochem. Molec. Biol. 30, 617— 644. 

Lerer B, Macciardi F. Pharmacogenetics of antidepressant and mood-stabilizing drags a review of candidate-gene studies and future research directions. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2002 5 255-275. 

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