Water soluble carbohydrate

Raw lac is first treated to remove water-soluble carbohydrates and the dye that gives lac its red color. Also removed are woody materials, insect bodies, and trash. It is further refined by either hot filtration or a solvent process. In the heat process, the dried, refined lac is filtered molten through cloth or wine screens to produce the standard grades of orange shellac. In the solvent process, lac is dissolved and refluxed in alcohol solvents, filtered to remove dirt and impurities, and concentrated by evaporation. The lac can be further decolori2ed in this process to produce very pale grades. Bleached shellac is prepared by treatment with dilute sodium hypochlorite and coalesced into slabs. 

Allen et al. (2007) produced puffed snack foods with com starch and pregelatinized waxy starch, WPC and instantized WPC, and protein concentrations of 16%, 32%, and 40% and showed that the air cell size, extru-date expansion ratio, and water solubility index decreased proportionally as protein and com starch levels increased. Protein concentration significantly affected total soluble protein, water absorption index, and water-soluble carbohydrate. A covalent complex between amylase and protein formed in the presence of cornstarch, but protein-protein interactions appeared with the presence of low levels of pregelatinized waxy starch. 

Instant coffee beverages are markedly different from coffee prepared from roast and ground coffee directly. As has already been described in Section III.E, instant coffees contain extra water-soluble carbohydrates obtained from hydrolyzed complex carbohydrates. The high extraction rate means that about 100 cups of instant coffee can be prepared from 1 lb of coffee, compared with 40 to 50 cups per pound of normally brewed coffee. 

Ikeda A, Ejima A, Nishiguchi K, Kikuchi JI, Matsumoto T, Hatano T, Shinkai S, Goto M (2005) DNA-photocleaving activities of water-soluble carbohydrate-containing nonionic homooxacalix[3]arene [60]fullerene complex. Chem. Lett. 34 308-309. 

Polymers of D-fructose are important carbohydrate reserves in a number of plants. Inulins and levans are two major types that differ in structure. D-Fructans require only relatively mild conditions for their hydrolysis, for example, levan was qualitatively hydrolyzed by hot, dilute, aqueous oxalic acid. Permethylated fructans could be hydrolyzed with 2 M CF3CO2H for 30 min at 60°. Fructan oligosaccharides were hydrolyzed in dilute sulfuric acid (pH 2) at 70 (see Ref. 53) or 95° (0.1 M). D-Fructans from timothy haplocorm (where they comprise 63% of the water-soluble carbohydrates) could be hydrolyzed with 0.01 M hydrochloric acid at 98°. 

There is also evidence that at least some of the phenolic aldehydes and dehydrodiferulic acid (Figure 1) are linked covalently to cell wall polysaccharides. When ryegrass cell walls were treated with cellulase, the aldehydes and the acid were released as water-soluble carbohydrate-aromatic compounds from which the aromatics were released by cold sodium hydroxide treatment (6,7). This suggests that these compounds are either ether-linked or, in the case of the acid, ester-linked to the polysaccharides. 

See the discussion with references in Chapter 4 Nitrate and water soluble carbohydrate. Soil extracts low in colour may also be analysed by this procedure by taking a 10-ml scoop of fresh or thawed soil. The official Bran-rLuebbe AutoAnalyzer method for nitrate and nitrite in soil, plant and fertilizer extracts is reproduced with permission in Appendix 5. 

Benzoic acid solution, saturated - see Chapter 4 Nitrate and water soluble carbohydrate, for details. 

Method 7.14. Determination of water soluble carbohydrate by autoanalysis... 

See the discussion in Chapter 4 Nitrate and water soluble carbohydrate. Note the extract obtained for determining nitrate in plants, which is also in saturated benzoic acid, may be used for the water soluble carbohydrate determination if diluted x2. 

Fig. 7.5. Flow diagram for determination of water soluble carbohydrate. Blaok aoid-resistant tubing.

Calculation. Draw a baseline on the chart under all the sample peaks by connecting the baseline from aspirating wash at the start, between trays and at the end. Read the concentration of the sample solutions by comparing the peak heights of the samples with the standards using a chart reader (see Chapter 1, Chart reader ). Divide the concentration in pg mb of soluble carbohydrate in the sample solution by 10 to get the % water soluble carbohydrate in the freeze-dried sample. Multiply by 100/(100 - % moisture) to give the percentage water soluble carbohydrate in the sample DM. 

Parnell, A. and White, J. (1983) The use of near infra-red reflectance analysis in predicting the digestibility and the protein and water soluble carbohydrate contents of perennial ryegrass. Journal of the National Institute of Agricultural Botany 16, 221-227. 

A more recent analytical tabulation covering individual trace elements, amino acids, and volatile fatty acids, together with proximate analyses, ADF, MADF, NDF, cellulose, lignin, starch, water soluble carbohydrates, etc., has the title UK Tables of Nutritive Value and Chemical Composition of Feedingstuffs (MAFF, 1990). 

Welsh Plant Breeding Station (now Institute for Grassland and Environmental Research) water soluble carbohydrate... 

Sanchez-Monedero, M. A., Roig, A., Cegarra, J., and Bernal, M. P. (1999). Relationships between water-soluble carbohydrate and phenol fractions and the humification indices of different organic wastes during composting. Bioresource Technol. 70,193-201. 

Organic matter extracted with 50% methanol increases during the EP (Yamanaka 1995a). This may be because of the increased solubility of the humus under the alkaline conditions as previously described. In contrast, water-soluble carbohydrates and phenolics decrease by the treatment. This maybe explained, at least partly, by the damage of plant roots that are known to exude water-soluble carbohydrates to soil (Yamanaka 2002). 

Fig. 1 Schematic representation of procedures to obtain different types of particulate carbohydrates from Phaeocystis cells concentrated on a filter. Total carbohydrates can directly be quantified colorimetrically. Water-soluble carbohydrates are typically extracted in hot water. They can be quantified colorimetrically. The 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ)-analysis (Myklestad et al. 1997) discriminates monosaccharides from larger carbohydrates. The...

Why then are these lignin sulfonates not used as a partial replacement for phenol in phenol-formaldehyde-based wood adhesives The first reason is that the presence of the sulfonate groups confers a water sensitivity to the adhesive. This sensitivity is exacerbated by the presence of water-soluble carbohydrates. A second reason is the low reactivity of the lignin sulfonates with formaldehyde and the consequent low level of crosslink density achieved in the final adhesive. A third reason is the molecular size of some of the lignin sulfonates. Large molecular weight material cannot penetrate the cell walls of the wood to form an adhesive continuum between contiguous wood particles. 

Resin applies to natural exudations of plants that have been used without intentional modification. In archaeological contexts, however, resins may undergo changes. The low-molecular-weight, volatile, monoterpenoid components of oleoresins are readily lost by evaporation, and the water-soluble carbohydrate components of gum resins will certainly dissolve if the object is exposed to water. Accidental exposure to fire leads to even more drastic pyrolytic transformations that may not be distinguishable from transformations caused by intentional heat treatment. Thus a sample that was a resin when originally used may have been converted to a pitch by a catastrophic fire. 

The acetone-soluble fraction was known to contain a large percentage of free fatty acids in addition to the fatty esters. Some of these fatty acids were found by Anderson to be of a type hitherto unknown. In common with the waxes, this fat did not contain any free glycerides. Alkaline hydrolysis of the fat derived from human strain bacilli yielded a water-soluble carbohydrate. This was identified as trehalose by isolation of the crystalline sugar. Corresponding fats isolated from the bovine and avian strains of bacilli were examined. The presence of glycerol could not be detected nor could the carbohydrate components be identified. 

Flaxseed is covered with fibrous hull accounting for 25 to 45% of the seed weight and contains 2-7% by weight of water-soluble carbohydrates. These components called mucilage can interfere during processing (38). Flaxseed contains approximately 25% protein, 10% moisture, and 35-45% of oil (6, 38, 11). In immamre... 

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