Test vehicle

Wire cords are particularly subject to degradation of their adhesion values by moisture. To combat this, halogenated butyl (HIIR) is used in tire innerliners because of its property of low air and water vapor diffusion rates. Moisture is present in most air pumps and many tires are mounted with water left in the tire on mounting. For these reasons tires and tire compounds are tested extensively at simulated aging conditions in the laboratory and on test vehicles before they are sold to the customer. 

The test for evaluating individual vehicle emissions, the ETP (4), specifies that a test vehicle be stored in an area where the ambient temperature is between 20 and 29°C for at least 12 hours immediately prior to the emission test. Then, the vehicle is placed on a chassis dynamometer which is calibrated for the vehicle weight and road load. The vehicle is started and driven for 41 min on a prescribed cycle of accelerations, cmises, decelerations, idles, a 10-min shutdown (called the hot soak), and a period of remn. 

Fig. 1. CO and hydrocarbon tailpipe emissions. Data from a test vehicle during a test cycle where the catalyst was mounted - 1.2 m from the exhaust part...

There are many ways to eharaeterize the strueture and properties of carbonaceous materials. Among these methods, powder X-ray diffraetion, small angle X-ray scattering, the BET surfaee area measurement, and the CHN test are most useful and are deseribed briefly here. To study lithium insertion in carbonaeeous materials, the eleetroehemieal lithium/earbon eoin eell is the most eonvenient test vehicle. 

Zinc phosphate was introduced as an inhibitive pigment by Barraclough and Harrisonand in the early tests vehicles based on drying oils were used. Later it was claimed that it was an elfective inhibitive pigment when used with all paint media in current use. 

Under development are intelligent vehicles for crack detection. An elastic-wave version (developed by British Gas and the Harwell Laboratory) is currently being evaluated in a test-loop. This vehicle has successfully detected stress-corrosion cracks in the test-loop. The Gas Research Institute (USA) is sponsoring development work with intelligent vehicles at the Battelle Columbus Division (Ohio). Facilities for testing vehicles were commissioned in 1991... 

An alternating direction scheme. Further developments are concerned with the heat conduction equation of two independent variables that can serve as test vehicles for the difference schemes to be presented ... 

In single-dose pharmacokinetic studies of oral absorption, the primary concerns are with the extent of absorption and peak plasma or target tissue concentrations of the test substance. If the test vehicle affects gastric emptying, it may be necessary to use both fasted and nonfasted animals for pharmacokinetic studies. 

Fig. 13.13 Schematic of CNTs grown on n-i-p photodiodes, and test vehicle (courtesy P. Legagneux).

The pH, solubility, volatility, and stability of a substance in test vehicles can affect the performance of mutagenicity tests and therefore influence the design of test protocols. 

Test number Test name Number of trials Test vehicle Failure criteria... 

The effects of extreme temperatures on drug delivery of two albuterol sulfate hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) MDIs were evaluated. Three Proventil HFA and three Ventolin HFA MDIs were stored at room temperature and served as controls, while three of each product were placed in the trunk of a vehicle in Tuscon, Arizona. The temperature of the vehicle was monitored for six months. Product performance for each of the MDIs was evaluated at room temperature. An additional study was performed to investigate the performance of the two products when actuated at 4, 22, 47, and 60°C. Within one week of being placed in the test vehicle, all MDI... 

A hydrogen-powered test vehicle developed by BMW. The exhaust consists primarily of water vapor. 

Figure 20. Multichip test vehicle for submicrometer bipolar ICs. The vehicle contains Jive metal layers of copper-polyimide interconnections on a pinned cofired ceramic substrate (3 by 3 in. [7,6 by 7.6 cm]) (Reproduced with permission from reference 79. Copyright 1988 Materials Research Society.)...

Retention of such oil components as Zn and the alkaline earth metals has been reported in relatively few instances. Deposits on the catalysts have not always been related to the amounts of these elements consumed in the operation. Analysis of deposits on catalysts originating from lubricants indicated that Ba, Ca, Zn, and P are present in the same proportion as given by the particular formulation of the oil employed for engine lubrication. The average retention of the amount of Zn passing over the catalysts of several test vehicles was reported as 3% (49). 

Parameter Laboratory aging 15 h test Vehicle 6672 km test Sequence VIA 16 h test Modified sequence VIA 96 h test... 

See Chapter 1 in this volume for a detailed discussion of several of the TFT architectures commonly used as test vehicles. 

Such a device was successfully demonstrated in a test vehicle by a U.S. automotive company in 1971. 

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